Delineating travel patterns and city structure has long been a core research topic in transport geography. Different from the physical structure, the city structure beneath the complex travel-flow system shows the inherent connection patterns within the city. On the basis of massive taxi trip data of Shanghai, we built spatially-embedded networks to model the intra-city spatial interactions and introduced network science methods into the issue. The community detection method is applied to reveal sub-regional structures, and several network measures are used to examine the properties of sub-regions. Considering the differences between long-and short-distance trips, we reveal a two-level hierarchical polycentric city structure of Shanghai. Further explorations on sub-network structures demonstrate that urban sub-regions have broader internal spatial interactions, while suburban centers are more influential in local traffic. By incorporating the land use of centers from the travel pattern perspective, we investigate sub-region formation and center-local places interaction patterns. This study provides insights into using emerging data sources to reveal travel patterns and city structures, which could potentially aid in applying urban and transportation policies. The sub-regional structures revealed in this study are more easily interpreted for transportation-related issues than other structures, such as administrative divisions.

IMPORTANCEOrgan transplant is a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage organ failure. In the US, organ procurement organizations (OPOs) are responsible for the evaluation and procurement of organs from donors who have died; however, there is controversy regarding what measures should be used to evaluate their performance.OBJECTIVE To evaluate OPO performance metrics using combined mortality and donation data and quantify the associations of population demographics with donation metrics. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis national cohort study includes data from the US organ transplantation system from January 2008 through December 2017. All individuals who died within the US, as reported by the National Death index, were included.EXPOSURES Death, organ donation, and donation eligibility. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESEvaluation of the variation in donation metrics and the use of ineligible donors by OPO and demographic subgroup. RESULTSThis study included 17 501 742 deaths and 75 769 deceased organ donors (45 040 men [59.4%]; 51 908 White individuals [68.5%]). Of these donors, 15 857 (20.9%) were not eligible, as defined by the OPOs. The median donation metrics by OPO were 0.004 (range, 0.002-0.012) donors per death, 0.89 (range, 0.68-1.30) donors per eligible death, and 0.72 (range, 0.57-0.86) eligible donors per eligible death. The OPOs in the upper quartile of the overall eligible donors per eligible death metric were in the upper quartile of annual rankings on 90 of 140 occasions (64.3%). There was little overlap in top-performing OPOs between metrics; an OPO in the upper quartile for 1 metric was also in the upper quartile for the other metrics on 37 of 570 occasions (6.5% of the time). The median donor eligibility rate, defined as the number of eligible donors per donor, was 0.79 (range, 0.61-0.95) across OPOs. Age (eg, 65 to 84 years, coefficient, −0.55 [SE, 0.03]; P < .001; vs those aged 18 to 34 years), sex (male individuals, −0.09 [SE, 0.02]; P < .001; vs female individuals), race (eg, Black individuals, 0.35 [SE, 0.02]; P < .001; vs White individuals), cause of death (eg, central nervous system tumor, 0.48 [SE, 0.08]; P < .001; vs anoxia), year (eg, 2016-2017: −0.10 [SE, 0.03]; P < .001; vs 2008-2009), and OPO were associated with the use of ineligible donors; OPO was a significant factor associated with performance in all metrics (χ 2 56 , 500.5; P < .001; coefficient range across individual OPOs, −0.15 [SE, 0.09] to 0.75 [SE, 0.09]), even after accounting for population differences. Female and non-White individuals were significantly less likely to be used as ineligible donors. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEWe demonstrate significant variability in OPO performance rankings, depending on which donation metric is used. There were significant differences in OPO performance, even after accounting for differences in potential donor populations. Our data suggest significant variation in use of ineligible donors among OPOs, a source for increased donors. The performance of OPOs should be evaluated usin...

This paper presents the mechanical and control system design of the latest humanoid robot platform, BHR-5, from Beijing Institute of Technology. The robot was developed as a comprehensive platform to investigate the planning and control for the fast responsive motion under unforeseen circumstances, for example, playing table-tennis. It has improvement on mechanical structure, stiffness, and reliability. An open control architecture based on concurrent multichannel communication mode of CAN bus is proposed to upgrade the real-time communication performance and the expansibility of the control system. Experiments on walking and playing table-tennis validate the effectiveness of the design.

No abstract

No abstract