Virus is known to resonate in the confined-acoustic dipolar mode with microwave of the same frequency. However this effect was not considered in previous virus-microwave interaction studies and microwave-based virus epidemic prevention. Here we show that this structure-resonant energy transfer effect from microwaves to virus can be efficient enough so that airborne virus was inactivated with reasonable microwave power density safe for the open public. We demonstrate this effect by measuring the residual viral infectivity of influenza A virus after illuminating microwaves with different frequencies and powers. We also established a theoretical model to estimate the microwaves power threshold for virus inactivation and good agreement with experiments was obtained. Such structure-resonant energy transfer induced inactivation is mainly through physically fracturing the virus structure, which was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. These results provide a pathway toward establishing a new epidemic prevention strategy in open public for airborne virus.
In this paper, we propose a verifiable multi-secret sharing scheme. Some secrets are protected by distributing them among many participants, whereby only an authorized group of participants can reconstruct the secrets. In our scheme, the secret will change periodically and the dealer will periodically publish some of the information to increase the robustness of system, in addition, the participants can verify the information which they have received. Each participant holds only one permanent, private secret, and some of them use it during different time periods to reconstruct the corresponding shared secrets without revealing their own private information. Because some public information is renewed in our scheme, the old information has nothing to do with the next secret. We also compare our scheme to the same technique-based studies in the fields promoting the benefits we achieve in this paper.
This paper experimentally addressed the discrepancies
in sludge freezing literature regarding the effect of
electrolyte
(sodium chloride) on the subsequent freeze/thawed sludge
dewaterability. Waste-activated sludge is vertically
frozen
at fixed freezing speeds with sodium chloride
concentration
as a parameter. Results obtained herein demonstrate
that
if the sludge is completely frozen, regardless of the
electrolyte, the sludge filterability can be markedly
improved.
However, the associated sludge settleability and the
final
sediment height do not alter much except when flocs
gross migration occurs. Adding NaCl retards the flocs
gross
migration, thereby reducing the corresponding critical
freezing speed. We speculate that the transition-layer
freezing
point suppression, the double-layer compression, and the
initiation of wavy ice front are possible factors for the
electrolyte effects. However, whether the
double-layer
compression is an influential mechanism in freeze/thaw
treatment still remains unclear.
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