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A continuous roll-to-roll compatible blade-coating method for multi-layers of general organic semiconductors is developed. Dissolution of the underlying film during coating is prevented by simultaneously applying heating from the bottom and gentle hot wind from the top. The solvent is immediately expelled and reflow inhibited. This method succeeds for polymers and small molecules. Uniformity is within 10% for 5 cm by 5 cm area with a mean value of tens of nanometers for both organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and solar cell structure with little material waste. For phosphorescent OLED 25 cd/A is achieved for green, 15 cd/A for orange, and 8 cd/A for blue. For fluorescent OLED 4.3 cd/A is achieved for blue, 9 cd/A for orange, and 6.9 cd/A for white. For OLED with 2 cm by 3 cm active area, the luminance variation is within 10%. Power conversion efficiency of 4.1% is achieved for polymer solar cell, similar to spin coating using the same materials. Very-low-cost and high-throughput fabrication of efficient organic devices is realized by the continuous blade-only method.

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Whereas the speech act of refusal is universal across language, the politeness value and the types of linguistic forms used to perform it vary across language and culture. The majority of the comparative pragmatic research findings were derived from one single source of data (i.e., either production data or perception data). Few attempts have been made to collect different sources of data to triangulate the findings. This study attempts to fill this gap by examining the problems that Chinese learners of English encounter when performing refusal responses through the comparison of production and perception data between an NS group and a Chinese learners of English group. The results showed that one major problem found in Chinese EFL learners' production and perception regarding refusing in English involved their relying on the indirect L1 communication style manifested in the less frequent use of direct refusal strategies and frequent use of excuse/reason with specific and significant details in L2 refusals. The other major problem in Chinese EFL learners' refusal responses concerned the ungrammatical sentences and inaccurate word choice, which often caused confusion

Oncogenic NRAS and KRAS mutations are prevalent in human juvenile and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML/CMML). However, additional genetic mutations cooperating with oncogenic RAS in JMML/CMML progression and/or their transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain largely unknown. Here, we tested the potential genetic interaction of DNMT3A mutations and oncogenic RAS mutations in leukemogenesis. We found that Dnmt3a−/− induces multiple hematopoietic phenotypes after a prolonged latency, including T cell expansion in peripheral blood, stress erythropoiesis in spleen, and myeloid malignancies in liver. Dnmt3a−/− significantly promoted JMML/CMML progression and shortened the survival of KrasG12D/+ mice in a cell-autonomous manner. Similarly, downregulating Dnmt3a also promoted myeloid malignancies in NrasG12D/+ mice. Further studies show that Dnmt3a deficiency rescues KrasG12D/+-mediated depletion of hematopoietic stem cells and increases self-renewal of KrasG12D/+ myeloid progenitors. Moreover, ~33% of animals developed an AML-like disease, which is driven by KrasG12D/+; Dnmt3a−/− myeloid progenitors. Consistent with our result, COSMIC database mining demonstrates that the combination of oncogenic RAS and DNMT3A mutations exclusively occurred in patients with JMML, CMML, or AML. Our results suggest that DNMT3A mutations and oncogenic RAS cooperate to regulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and promote myeloid malignancies.