Since the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there have been intense structural studies on purified viral components and inactivated viruses. However, structural and ultrastructural evidence on how the SARS-CoV-2 infection progresses in the native cellular context is scarce, and there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge on the SARS-CoV-2 replicative cycle. To correlate cytopathic events induced by SARS-CoV-2 with virus replication processes in frozen-hydrated cells, we established a unique multi-modal, multi-scale cryo-correlative platform to image SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero cells. This platform combines serial cryoFIB/SEM volume imaging and soft X-ray cryo-tomography with cell lamellae-based cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) and subtomogram averaging. Here we report critical SARS-CoV-2 structural events – e.g. viral RNA transport portals, virus assembly intermediates, virus egress pathway, and native virus spike structures, in the context of whole-cell volumes revealing drastic cytppathic changes. This integrated approach allows a holistic view of SARS-CoV-2 infection, from the whole cell to individual molecules.

A demonstration is presented of how significant improvements in all-2D photodetectors can be achieved by exploiting the type-II band alignment of vertically stacked WS /MoS semiconducting heterobilayers and finite density of states of graphene electrodes. The photoresponsivity of WS /MoS heterobilayer devices is increased by more than an order of magnitude compared to homobilayer devices and two orders of magnitude compared to monolayer devices of WS and MoS , reaching 10 A W under an illumination power density of 1.7 × 10 mW cm . The massive improvement in performance is due to the strong Coulomb interaction between WS and MoS layers. The efficient charge transfer at the WS /MoS heterointerface and long trapping time of photogenerated charges contribute to the observed large photoconductive gain of ≈3 × 10 . Laterally spaced graphene electrodes with vertically stacked 2D van der Waals heterostructures are employed for making high-performing ultrathin photodetectors.

Understanding the stability of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides in atmospheric conditions has important consequences for their handling, life-span, and utilization in applications. We show that cryogenic photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) is a highly sensitive technique to the detection of oxidation induced degradation of monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) caused by exposure to ambient conditions. Although long-term exposure to atmospheric conditions causes massive degradation from oxidation that is optically visible, short-term exposure produces no obvious changes to the PL or Raman spectra measured at either room temperature or even cryogenic environment. Laser processing was employed to remove the surface adsorbents, which enables the defect states to be detected via cryogenic PL spectroscopy. Thermal cycling to room temperature and back down to 77 K shows the process is reversible. We also monitor the degradation process of WS2 using this method, which shows that the defect related peak can be observed after one month aging in ambient conditions.

We show that hexagonal domains of monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS) grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with powder precursors can have discrete segmentation in their photoluminescence (PL) emission intensity, forming symmetric patterns with alternating bright and dark regions. Two-dimensional maps of the PL reveal significant reduction within the segments associated with the longest sides of the hexagonal domains. Analysis of the PL spectra shows differences in the exciton to trion ratio, indicating variations in the exciton recombination dynamics. Monolayers of WS hexagonal islands transferred to new substrates still exhibit this PL segmentation, ruling out local strain in the regions as the dominant cause. High-power laser irradiation causes preferential degradation of the bright segments by sulfur removal, indicating the presence of a more defective region that is higher in oxidative reactivity. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of topography and amplitude modes show uniform thickness of the WS domains and no signs of segmentation. However, AFM phase maps do show the same segmentation of the domain as the PL maps and indicate that it is caused by some kind of structural difference that we could not clearly identify. These results provide important insights into the spatially varying properties of these CVD-grown transition metal dichalcogenide materials, which may be important for their effective implementation in fast photo sensors and optical switches.

Although it was demonstrated that discrete molecular levels determine the sign and magnitude of the thermoelectric effect in single-molecule junctions, full electrostatic control of these levels has not been achieved to date. Here, we show that graphene nanogaps combined with gold microheaters serve as a testbed for studying single-molecule thermoelectricity. Reduced screening of the gate electric field compared to conventional metal electrodes allows control of the position of the dominant transport orbital by hundreds of meV. We find that the power factor of graphene-fullerene junctions can be tuned over several orders of magnitude to a value close to the theoretical limit of an isolated Breit-Wigner resonance. Furthermore, our data suggest that the power factor of an isolated level is only given by the tunnel coupling to the leads and temperature. These results open up new avenues for exploring thermoelectricity and charge transport in individual molecules and highlight the importance of level alignment and coupling to the electrodes for optimum energy conversion in organic thermoelectric materials.