The present study documents a pronounced interdecadal change in summer rainfall over southern China around 1992/93 and explores the plausible reasons for this change. The summer rainfall is persistently below normal during 1980-92 and above normal during 1993-2002. Coherent changes in atmospheric circulation are identified over East Asia and the South China Sea (SCS)-western North Pacific (WNP). The increase in rainfall is accompanied by an increase in lower-level convergence, midtropospheric ascent, and upperlevel divergence over southern China. The changes in lower-level winds feature two anomalous anticyclones: one over the SCS-subtropical WNP, and the other over north China-Mongolia. The outflows from the two anomalous anticyclones converge over southern China, leading to anomalous moisture convergence, enhanced ascent, and increased rainfall. The development of the northern anticyclone is related to an increase in the Tibetan Plateau snow cover in the preceding winter-spring that leads to a contrast in temperature change between the plateau and the surrounding regions. The relatively small temperature change over the plateau, coupled with increases in temperature to the west and the east, leads to an increase in surface pressure extending northward from the plateau. The development of the southern anticyclone is related to an increase in sea surface temperature in the equatorial Indian Ocean that enhances lower-level convergence and ascent. The accompanying upper-level divergent flows from the tropical Indian Ocean to the SCS-WNP lead to the development of anomalous descent and lower-level anomalous anticyclone over the SCS-WNP.

The recurrence of malignant tumors is mostly caused by incompleted surgical resection. Especially, it is difficult for surgeons to detect and accurately remove metastatic tumors by predominantly using visual examination and palpation owing to the lack of effective means to specifically distinguish the boundary range between normal and tumor tissues. Thus, the development of activated fluorescent probe with superior tumor-to-normal (T/N) tissue ratios is particularly urgent in clinics. In view of CD13/aminopeptidase N (APN) regarded as a cancer-specific biomarker, mediating with progression, invasion, and migration of malignant tumor, herein, we reported an APN-responsive fluorescent probe YH-APN and demonstrated its application to distinguish cancer cells. Through in situ spraying manner, fluorescent superior tumor-to-normal (T/N) tissue ratios (subcutaneous transplantation tumor, 13.86; hepatic metastasis, 4.42 and 6.25; splenic metastasis, 4.99) were achieved. More importantly, we have demonstrated the ability to image metastasis tumor tissue less than 1 mm in diameter, highlighting the potential for this probe to be used as a tool in surgical resection. This research may spur the use of enzyme-activatable fluorescent probes for the progress of tumor diagnosis and image-guided surgery (IGS).

61The Tibetan Plateau (TP), known as the "sensible heat pump" and the 62 "atmospheric water tower", modifies monsoon circulations and regional energy and 63 water cycles over Asia (Wu and Zhang 1998; Zhao and Chen 2001a; Wu et al. 2007; 64 Xu et al. 2008b; Zhou et al. 2009). Strong ascent over the TP may transport lower-65 tropospheric water vapor and anthropogenic pollutants into the upper troposphere-66 lower stratosphere (UT-LS), which exerts an influence on the local ozone valley 67 (Zhou et al. 1995; Liu et al. 2003; Bian et al. 2011) and the aerosol-layer 68 enhancements near the tropopause (Tobo et al. 2007; Vernier et al. 2015). The TP also In the 1990s, a longer-term field experiment was conducted over the TP with the 84 support of the Japanese Experiment on Asian Monsoon (JEXAM). It estimated the 2008a; Zhang et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2011 Chen et al. , 2013. It found diurnal variations of et al. 2013; Hu et al. 2014; Zheng et al. 2014 Zheng et al. , 2015a Zheng et al. , b, c, 2016 Guo et al. 2015; 161 Zhuo et al. 2016; Wan et al. 2017). These problems may also cause large uncertainties 162 in reanalysis datasets and satellite products (such as air temperature, soil moisture, 163 surface heat fluxes, and radiation) over the TP (Li et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2012; Zhu 164 et al. 2012; Su et al. 2013; Zeng et al. 2016). 165To promote Tibetan meteorological research, the Third Tibetan Plateau 166Atmospheric Scientific Experiment (TIPEX-III), to continue for eight to ten years, OBJECTIVES. 173The field observational objective of TIPEX-III is to constitute a 3-D observation 174 system of the land surface, PBL, troposphere, and lower stratosphere over the TP. 175This system integrates ground-, air-, and space-based platforms based on the 176 meteorological operational networks, the TIPEX-III network, the existing NIOST (Fig. 1a). Consistent with the operational observations of the 265 CMA, at each site the measurement system measures soil water content ( Fig. 1a). The regional network consists of 33 sites over 270 Naqu (Fig. 1c), which began operating in August 2015, and 17 sites over Shiquanhe This network consists of six additional sites at Bange, Namucuo, Anduo, Nierong, 280Jiali, and Biru, and contributes to integrated research on the high-resolution land-281 surface and PBL processes over the central TP and their effects on mesoscale systems. 282These observations have been conducted at Shiquanhe, Namucuo, Naqu, Anduo, Gongshan (98.67°E, 27.75°N) station on the southeastern slope of the TP (Fig. 1b), a 300 key area for gauging water-vapor transports from the Indian Ocean to East Asia. (Fig. 1b). A primary goal of these observations is to explore the cloud (Fig. 1b). A follow-up field campaign using ground-based radars Tuotuohe, Mangya, Golmud, and Xining meteorological stations (Fig. 1b). Using PRELIMINARY ACHIEVEMENTS OF TIPEX-III. 328The implementation of TIPEX-III has enhanced the monitoring capability for the 380(1) Cloud diurnal variation and warm rain process. 3...

Abstract Previously, linalool was found to be the most abundant component among the cocktail of volatiles released from flowers of Freesia hybrida. Linalool formation is catalysed by monoterpene synthase TPS1. However, the regulatory network developmentally modulating the expression of the TPS1 gene in Freesia hybrida remains unexplored. In this study, three regulatory genes, FhMYB21L1, FhMYB21L2, and FhMYC2, were screened from 52 candidates. Two MYB transcription factor genes were synchronously expressed with FhTPS1 and could activate its expression significantly when overexpressed, and the binding of FhMYB21L2 to the MYBCORE sites in the FhTPS1 promoter was further confirmed, indicating a direct role in activation. FhMYC2 showed an inverse expression pattern compared with FhTPS1; its expression led to a decreased binding of FhMYB21 to the FhTPS1 promoter to reduce its activation capacity when co-expressed, suggesting a role for an MYB–bHLH complex in the regulation of the FhTPS1 gene. In Arabidopsis, both MYB21 and MYC2 regulators were shown to activate the expression of sesquiterpene synthase genes, and the regulatory roles of AtMYB21 and AtMYC2 in the expression of the linalool synthase gene were also confirmed, implying conserved functions of the MYB–bHLH complex in these two evolutionarily divergent plants. Moreover, the expression ratio between MYB21 and MYC2 orthologues might be a determinant factor in floral linalool emission.

The glycosylation of flavonoids increases their solubility and stability in plants. Flowers accumulate anthocyanidin and flavonol glycosides which are synthesized by UDP-sugar flavonoid glycosyltransferases (UFGTs). In our previous study, a cDNA clone (Fh3GT1) encoding UFGT was isolated from Freesia hybrida, which was preliminarily proved to be invovled in cyanidin 3-O-glucoside biosynthesis. Here, a variety of anthocyanin and flavonol glycosides were detected in flowers and other tissues of F. hybrida, implying the versatile roles of Fh3GT1 in flavonoids biosynthesis. To further unravel its multi-functional roles, integrative analysis between gene expression and metabolites was investigated. The results showed expression of Fh3GT1 was positively related to the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonol glycosides, suggesting its potential roles in the biosynthesis of both flavonoid glycosides. Subsequently, biochemical analysis results revealed that a broad range of flavonoid substrates including flavonoid not naturally occurred in F. hybrida could be recognized by the recombinant Fh3GT1. Both UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose could be used as sugar donors by recombinant Fh3GT1, although UDP-galactose was transferred with relatively low activity. Furthermore, regiospecificity analysis demonstrated that Fh3GT1 was able to glycosylate delphinidin at the 3-, 4-′, and 7- positions in a sugar-dependent manner. And the introduction of Fh3GT1 into Arabidopsis UGT78D2 mutant successfully restored the anthocyanins and flavonols phenotypes caused by lost-of-function of the 3GT, indicating that Fh3GT1 functions as a flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase in vivo. In summary, these results demonstrate that Fh3GT1 is a flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase using UDP-glucose as the preferred sugar donor and may involve in flavonoid glycosylation in F. hybrida.

Monitoring fluctuations in enzyme overexpression facilitates early tumor detection and excision. An AIEgen probe (DQM‐ALP) for the imaging of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was synthesized. The probe consists of a quinoline‐malononitrile (QM) core decorated with hydrophilic phosphate groups as ALP‐recognition units. The rapid liberation of DQM‐OH aggregates in the presence of ALP resulted in aggregation‐induced fluorescence. The up‐regulation of ALP expression in tumor cells was imaged using DQM‐ALP. The probe permeated into 3D cervical and liver tumor spheroids for imaging spatially heterogeneous ALP activity with high spatial resolution on a two‐photon microscopy platform, providing the fluorescence‐guided recognition of sub‐millimeter tumorigenesis. DQM‐ALP enabled differentiation between tumor and normal tissue ex vivo and in vivo, suggesting that the probe may serve as a powerful tool to assist surgeons during tumor resection.

A new index measuring the East Asian winter monsoon is defined using the mean wind shears of uppertropospheric zonal wind based on the belief that the physical processes of both higher and lower latitudes, and at both lower and upper troposphere, should be considered to depict the variability of monsoon. When the index is high (low), the westerly jet is strong (weak), the East Asian trough is deep (shallow), the Siberian high is strong (weak), and anomalous low-level northerlies (southerlies) prevail over East Asia. As a result, the surface and lower-tropospheric temperature over East Asia decreases (increases) and the cold surges over Southeast Asia and tropical western Pacific are more (less) active. The index, which exhibits distinct interannual variations, is also strongly correlated with the Arctic Oscillation and Niñ o-3.4 sea surface temperature (SST) index. Compared to previous indexes, this index takes into account more influencing factors and better elucidates the physical processes associated with monsoon, enhancing interpretations of the variability of monsoon and its effects on regional weather and climate. Furthermore, the monsoon index is significantly linked to antecedent tropical Pacific SST and is highly predictable in the NCEP Climate Forecast System, indicating the advantage of the index for operational predictions of monsoon.

In this work, a novel NIR two-photon fluorescence probe DCM-APN is reported for tracking APN in vitro and in vivo.