BackgroundGestational diabetes mellitus is a commonly occurring metabolic disorder during pregnancy, affecting >4% of pregnant women. It is generally defined as the intolerance of glucose with the onset or initial diagnosis during pregnancy. This illness affects the placenta and poses a threat to the baby as it affects the supply of proper oxygen and nutrients.PurposeDue to the high percentage of affected pregnant women, it should be mandatory to evaluate glucose levels during pregnancy and there is a need for a continuous monitoring system.MethodsHerein, the investigators modified the interdigitated (di)electrodes (IDE) sensing surface to detect the glucose on covalently immobilized glucose oxidase (GOx) with the graphene. The characterization of graphene and gold nanoparticle (GNP) was performed by high-resolution microscopy.ResultsSensitivity was found to be 0.06 mg/mL and to enhance the detection, GOx was complexed with GNP. GNP-GOx was improved the sensitive detection twofold from 0.06 to 0.03 mg/mL, and it also displayed higher levels of current changes at all the concentrations of glucose that were tested. High-performance of the above IDE sensing system was attested by the specificity, reproducibility and higher sensitivity detections. Further, the linear regression analysis indicated the limit of detection to be between 0.02 and 0.03 mg/mL.ConclusionThis study demonstrated the potential strategy with nanocomposite for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus.
Objective Elevation of energy expenditure through an increase of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is regarded as one of the most promising ways to prevent obesity development. The preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus is a critical area for control of BAT thermogenesis. However, the intracellular signaling cascades in the POA for regulation of BAT thermogenesis are poorly understood. Methods Phosphorylation proteomics (phosphoproteomics) and bioinformatics approaches were used to disclose numerous hypothalamic signaling pathways involved in the regulation of BAT thermogenesis. Conditional manipulation of the p38α gene in mouse POA was performed by stereotaxic injection of adeno‐associated virus 9 vector to explore the role of p38α in BAT thermogenesis. Results Multiple hypothalamic signaling pathways were triggered by cold exposure, especially the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The p38α activation, but not extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK), in the hypothalamus was significantly decreased during cold exposure. p38α deficiency in the POA dramatically elevated energy expenditure owing to a marked increase in BAT thermogenesis, resulting in significantly decreased body weight gain and fat mass. Overexpression of p38α in the POA led to a dramatic increase in weight gain. Conclusions These results demonstrate that p38α in the POA exacerbates obesity development, at least in part owing to a decrease in BAT thermogenesis.
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