The Three Gorges Project has been subject to intense debates regarding its benefits and costs. The environmental impacts of this huge project have been an important focus of these debates since the project planning stage. After the operation of the Three Gorges Dam at full capacity at the end of 2008, new environmental and ecological issues are emerging. This paper gives a brief description of the Three Gorges Project and its environmental impact assessment process, as well as major efforts to control environmental problems brought about by the project. From the long and complicated evaluation process, it is clear that there are large uncertainties and competing opinions regarding the benefits and costs, especially the ecological and environmental ones, of the project even after great research effort. Emphasis here is given to the environmental challenges including: (1) water quality control; (2) water and sediment regulation; (3) biodiversity conservation in the riparian and aquatic ecosystems; (4) environmentally friendly dam operation and regional sustainable development. Opportunities often grow out of the challenges. The Three Gorges Project provides opportunities for grand-scale experiments on the environmental, ecological, and socio-economic impacts of large dams. Local, national, and international concerted efforts and concrete actions should be directed to the mitigation and control of the negative impacts as well as securing the positive contributions of the project across scales.

The National Strong Motion Observation Network System (NSMONS) of China is briefl y introduced in this paper. The NSMONS consists of permanent free-fi eld stations, special observation arrays, mobile observatories and a network management system. During the Wenchuan Earthquake, over 1,400 components of acceleration records were obtained from 460 permanent free-fi eld stations and three arrays for topographical effect and structural response observation in the network system from the main shock, and over 20,000 components of acceleration records from strong aftershocks occurred before August 1, 2008 were also obtained by permanent free-fi eld stations of the NSMONS and 59 mobile instruments quickly deployed after the main shock. The strong motion recordings from the main shock and strong aftershocks are summarized in this paper. In the ground motion recordings, there are over 560 components with peak ground acceleration (PGA) over 10 Gal, the largest being 957.7 Gal. The largest PGA recorded during the aftershock exceeds 300 Gal.

A novel non-viral gene transfection method in which DNA complexes were kept in contact with a deposition surface (deposition transfection) was developed. We designed a novel aqueous thermoresponsive adsorbent material for DNA deposition, which was a star-shaped copolymer with 4 branched chains. Each chain comprised a cationic poly(N,N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide) (PDMAPAAm) block (Mn: ca.3,000 g·mol cultured on the polyplex-deposited substrate in a culture medium, the luciferase activity observed was higher than that observed on a DNA-coated substrate with or without the cationic polymer before and after complete adhesion and by conventional solution transfection using the polyplexes. The activity was enhanced with an increase in the charge ratio (surfactant/pDNA) with permissible cellular cytotoxicity.

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are major signaling molecules activated in human neutrophils stimulated by cytokines. Both molecules were cleaved at the N-terminal portion in neutrophils undergoing apoptosis induced by in vitro culture alone or treatment with TNF and/or cycloheximide. The cleavage of both molecules was inhibited by G-CSF and benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone, a caspase inhibitor, both of which can inhibit neutrophil apoptosis. In a cell-free system, ERK and p38 MAPK were not cleaved by recombinant caspase-3 or caspase-8 while gelsolin was cleaved by caspase-3 under the same condition. The cleavage of both molecules appears to be specific to mature neutrophils, since it was not detected in immature cells (HL-60 and Jurkat) undergoing apoptosis, indicating that proteases responsible for the cleavage of both molecules may develop during differentiation into mature neutrophils. Concomitant with the cleavage of ERK and p38 MAPK, GM-CSF- and TNF-induced superoxide release, adherence, and phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK were decreased in neutrophils undergoing apoptosis. In addition, GM-CSF- and TNF-induced superoxide release and adherence were inhibited by PD98059 MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor) as well as SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), suggesting possible involvement of ERK and p38 MAPK in superoxide release and adherence induced by these cytokines. These findings indicate that ERK and p38 MAPK are cleaved and degraded in neutrophils undergoing apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner and the cleavage of both molecules may be partly responsible for decreased functional responsiveness to inflammatory cytokines.

Novel 4-branched diblock copolymers consisting of cationic chains as an inner domain and nonionic chains as an outer domain were prepared by iniferter-based living radial polymerization and evaluated as a polymeric transfectant. The cationic polymerization of 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl acrylamide (DMAPAAm) using 1,2,4,5-tetrakis( N,N-diethyldithiocarbamylmethyl)benzene as a 4-functional iniferter followed by the nonionic block polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) afforded 4-branched diblock copolymers with controlled compositions. By changing the solution or irradiation conditions, 4-branched PDMAPAAms with molecular weights of 10,000, 20,000, and 50,000 were synthesized. In addition, by graft polymerization, PDMAPAAm-PDMAAm blocked copolymers with copolymer composition (unit ratio of DMAAm/DMAPAAm) ranging from 0.18 to 1.0 for each cationic polymer were synthesized. All polymers were shown to interact with and condense plasmid DNA to yield polymer/DNA complexes (polyplexes). A transfection study on COS-1 cells showed that the polyplexes from block copolymers with cationic chain length of approximately 50,000 and a nonionic chain length of 30,000, which were approximately 200 nm in diameter and very stable in aqueous media, had the most efficient luciferase activity with minimal cellular cytotoxicity under a charge ratio of 20 (vector/pDNA). The PDMAPAAm-PDMAAm-blocked, star-shaped polymers are an attractive novel class of nonviral gene delivery systems.

The data suggest JNK, rather than p38 or ERK dependent increases in PG synthesis, and selective, partially integrin-dependent, activation of JNK kinases in human chondrocyte cell lines following cyclical MS. JNK activation is also very sensitive to changes in CO(2)/pH in this chondrocyte culture model.

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