The purpose of this study is to extend the use of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) methodology toward a more reliable and accurate interpretation of pavement conditions. With the electromagnetic Green's function for a layered system with a horizontal electric dipole, the GPR scan can be simulated over a wide range of pavement profiles. Examples are provided for GPR simulation on a three-layer pavement system. With forward model, the best match of the GPR scan in terms of the full waveform can be recovered within thousands of simulations via the optimization routine, where the in situ layer parameters associated with the measurement are found to be equal to the simulation inputs. The accuracy of the interpreted layer thickness from the proposed scheme is verified by ground truth, with average error around 2.3% compared with 7.5% average error for the traditional method. In addition, the proposed scheme, unlike the traditional method, allows an evaluation of the relevant pavement properties with no prior assumptions or subjective image adjustments.
[1] A complete set of 3D layered electromagnetic Green's functions in the spatial domain is derived by way of transverse electric and transverse magnetic potentials, featuring a "direct" formulation for the field forms of the spectral Green's functions. The improper integrals underpinning the computation of the corresponding point-load solutions in the spatial domain are evaluated via the method of asymptotic decomposition, wherein the singular behaviors are entirely extracted and integrated analytically-so that the remaining residual components can be computed effectively and accurately via adaptive numerical quadrature over a suitable contour path. It is also found that, in the spectral domain, the decay of the (numerically-integrated) residual field forms is commensurate with that of their potential-form counterparts, which eliminates the perceived gap between the computation of the field forms and respective potential forms of the Green's functions in the spatial domain. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed methodology is evaluated via comparison with relevant examples in the literature.Citation: Cao, Y., and B. B. Guzina (2011), Field forms of the layered electromagnetic Green's functions by TE and TM potentials, Radio Sci., 46, RS6003,
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