The reason for the formation of an anhydrous and surfactant-free deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based microemulsion system has been widely explored so far. Dissipative dynamism (DPD) is used to simulate the composition of DES, diethyl adipate (Da), and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) systems to study their emulsification mechanism and quantitative properties. The influence of the proportions of different DES, Da, and THFA components on the phase formation of microemulsion was discussed through simulations. The radial distribution function, diffusion coefficient, interaction energy, and order parameters are calculated from the simulation results, and the mesoscopic properties and the driving force of emulsification formation are analyzed through these quantitative data. In addition, the calculated results of the DPD simulation method of this subject are in good agreement with the experimental results. Therefore, the DPD method can be used to understand the mechanism of phase formation and predict the emulsification ability of different components, which is of great significance for the development and theoretical research of new microemulsions.
Focused on developing a biocompatible and ecofriendly extraction platform, aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) containing betaine-xylitol deep eutectic solvent (DES), three smallmolecular alcohols (1-propanol, 2-propanol, and tert-butanol), and water were investigated here. The effect of alcohol properties on the efficiency to form ATPS with aqueous solution of DES was studied at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The results suggested that the formation of the ATPS was attributed to the incompatibility between the DES and alcohol in aqueous medium, allowing the increase in the biphasic region using tert-butanol with the highest hydrophobicity among three alcohols. Combined with Karl Fischer titration, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to evaluate the tie-lines of the ATPS, and it was found that DES components were enriched in the lower phase while alcohol was transferred preferentially to the upper phase. Additionally, the increase in the concentrations of ATPS phase compositions was responsible for the increase in the length of tie-lines, which led to a higher driven force for phase separation. The detailed experimental data were highly correlated by the NRTL model based on a low root-mean-square deviation (≤1.79%). Moreover, five biomolecules (gallic acid, syringic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) were used as probes to determine the extraction ability of the studied DES/alcohol ATPS. This work may lay a promising foundation for the diversity development of the ATPS.
Controllable deposition of nanosphere with zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) is an efficient method to achieve unique properties and create new types of multifunctional ZIF core–shell materials with enhanced properties. Core‐shell ZIF‐67@CeO2 nanosphere was designed with ZIF‐67 nanoparticles as seed for the deposition of CeO2 nanocrystals. The as‐prepared ZIF‐67@CeO2 nanosphere can catalyze CO2 cycloaddition reaction with significant activity. The synergistic acid‐base catalytic sites of ZIF‐67@CeO2 nanosphere were investigated through TPD analysis. These sites can effectively coordinate and activate the substrate molecules, thereby enhancing catalytic efficiency for CO2 cycloaddition reaction. The ZIF‐67@CeO2 nanosphere showed almost 100.00 % conversion of styrene oxide and 100.00 % selectivity of desired cyclic carbonate (120 °C, 7.5 bar, and 8 h). In addition, ZIF‐67@CeO2 showed a negligible decrease in the catalytic activity even after being reused for four cycles.
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