A total of 613 subjects, including257 White American students, 312 mainland Chinese students, and 44 Chinese American students, completed the Attributional Style Questionnaire. It was found that (a) mainland Chinese were more pessimistic than Chinese Americans, who were more pessimistic than White Americans, (b) mainland Chinese were less self-blaming (i.e., attributed their failure less internally than the traditional Chinese culture expects) and attributed their success to other people or circumstances, and (c) White Americans had more lopsidedness or self-serving bias than Chinese Americans and mainland Chinese-that is, White Americans attributed their success to themselves and their failure to others or circumstances more often than did mainland Chinese. The authors also found that mainland Chinese optimism was associated more with academic and financial accomplishment, psychological confidence and persistence, and physical health.

Cultural differences existed among employers which supported the lay theory of mental illness.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health threat affecting approximately 10% of the adult population worldwide. Multimorbidity is common in CKD, but its impacts on disease outcomes are seldom investigated. Methods: This prospective cohort analysis followed patients, who were part of a multidisciplinary CKD care program, for 10 years. We aimed to determine the impact of multimorbidity on renal outcomes. Results: Overall, 1463 patients with stage 3–5 CKD were enrolled and stratified by the number of comorbidities. Mean follow-up time was 6.39 ± 1.19 years. We found that stage 3–5 CKD patients with at least three comorbidities at enrollment initiated dialysis earlier (hazard ratio (HR): 2.971) than patients without comorbidities. Risk factors for multimorbidity included old age, smoking, and proteinuria. Conclusions: By analyzing the number of comorbidities, a simple and readily applicable method, we demonstrated an association between multimorbidity and poor renal outcomes in stage 3–5 CKD patients. In addition to current guideline-based approaches, our results suggest an urgent need for tailored CKD care strategies for high-risk groups.

On the basis of Tajfel and Turner's social identity theory and Brewer's optimal distinctiveness model, salience of in-group membership and the nature of stereotypic expressions directed toward the recipient's in-group are proposed to determine perceptions of in-group homogeneity. The results of an experiment testing these hypotheses indicate that (a) cognitive priming of group membership or social identity produces an increase in perceived in-group homogeneity, (b) negative stereotypic threats that are inconsistent with the recipient's in-group autostereotype increase perceptions of in-group homogeneity, but (c) negative stereotypic expressions that are consistent with the recipient's in-group autostereotype engender a heterogeneous view of the in-group. Results are discussed in terms of a model that incorporates both the cognitive and motivational determinants of perceived in-group variation.