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In situ Raman spectroscopic studies, in combination with electrochemical measurements, further testify that the electrochemical reactions, i.e., iodate reduction and periodic hydrogen evolution, coupled with alternately predominant diffusion and convection mass transfer of iodate, account for the potential oscillation that appears under galvanostatic reduction of iodate over its limiting current in alkaline solution. The diffusion-limited depletion and the convection-enhanced replenishment of the iodate consist of a pair of positive and negative feedback steps between the bistable states (iodate reduction with and without hydrogen evolution). This mechanism is applicable to the same category of oscillators originating from such a coupling. The limiting diffusion concentration profile and the concentration variation of iodate in the diffusion layer during the oscillation by diffusion-limited depletion and by convection-enhanced replenishment through hydrogen evolution have been measured directly by using in situ Raman spectroscopy for the first time. A crossing cycle in the cyclic voltammogram that displays the bistability and the positive and negative feedbacks can be obtained only when the scan is reversed at a potential where hydrogen evolution takes place, and hydrogen evolution is thus mainly to induce the convection feedback of the reactant after its surface concentration depletes to zero by diffusion-limited reduction, rather than purely an additional current carrier. No oscillation can occur by simply removing the convection feedback with another pure current carrier instead of hydrogen evolution. The other model on the basis of negative differential resistance (NDR) fails to reflect the convection feedback step required for this category of oscillators.

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We found that a Ni-rich alloy with the composition of Ni 50 Pd 30 P 20 had high glass-forming ability. Bulk glassy alloy rods with diameters up to 7 mm can be easily formed by a water quenching method. Its mechanical properties were measured under compressive load. The bulk glassy alloy exhibits relatively high yield strength of 1780 MPa and good ductility as is evidenced from a large plastic elongation of 7.6% before final fracture. The elastic properties of this bulk glassy alloy were also investigated.