Diabetic encephalopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by impaired cognitive functions. Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are rarely reported on diabetic encephalopathy, although they have been believed to play crucial roles in other diabetic complications. In this study, streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic mice were found to exhibit learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze test. Meanwhile, the expression of cPKCβII, nPKCε, and cPKCγ did not change in the hippocampus, cortex, and striatum at 2 and 8 weeks after STZ injection. The nPKCε translocation to the membrane, where it is activated, was not altered in the above brain regions at 2 and 8 weeks after STZ injection. Nevertheless, cPKCβII translocation to the membrane was significantly decreased in the cortex and hippocampus at 8 weeks after STZ injection. The translocation of cPKCγ from the cytosol to the membrane was remarkably decreased in the hippocampus at 2 and 8 weeks and in the cortex and striatum at 8 weeks after STZ injection. In addition, deletion of cPKCγ aggravated the impairment of spatial learning and memory. In conclusion, our results suggest that the decrease in the activity of cPKCβII and cPKCγ, especially cPKCγ, may play key roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the herpesvirus family, which infects most of the world's population. EBV infection usually occurs asymptomatically. However, there are subsets of the population, such as juveniles and immunocompromised patients, among whom EBV may manifest symptomatically. In some cases, symptomatology involves the central nervous system. One such manifestation of EBV is meningitis. We report a unique case of EBV infectious meningitis in an immunocompetent adult female patient who showed unconventional clinical features. These features included afternoon fever, high intracranial pressure, low cerebrospinal fluid glucose levels, and an absence of blood monocytosis. Because this case involved a unique symptomatology, our findings broaden the symptom profile of EBV infection as presently understood.
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