The aim of this paper is to identify the quantitative impacts of the infectious disease pandemic on the permanent volatility of precious metal and crude oil futures from a long-term perspective by using a recently constructed Infectious Disease Equity Market Volatility Tracker (ID-EMV) to capture the epidemic severity and with a novel mixed data sampling GARCH (GARCH-MIDAS) method. Different from the extant literature only focusing on the short-term influences of the COVID-19 epidemic on commodity futures market, this paper shows that the infectious disease pandemic does have significant and positive impacts on the permanent (long-term) volatilities of precious metal and crude oil futures markets lasting for at least up to 12 months. In addition, these specific impacts on crude oil futures are greater than those on precious metal futures. Finally, we find that the infectious disease epidemic has larger impacts on gold (WTI oil) futures than those on silver (Brent oil) futures. All these findings are robust after controlling the negative influences of lagged long-run realized volatility in commodity futures markets.
Understanding the dependence and risk spillover among hedging assets is crucial for portfolio allocation and regulatory decision making. Using various copula and conditional Value-at-Risk (CoVaR) measures, this paper quantifies the dependence and risk spillover effects between three traditional and emerging hedging assets: Bitcoin, gold, and USD. Furthermore, we investigate these effects at various short- and long-term horizons using a variational model decomposition (VMD) method. The empirical results show that there is strong negative dependence between gold and USD, but Bitcoin and gold are weakly and positively connected. Secondly, risk spillovers exist only between Bitcoin and gold and between gold and USD. The risk spillover effect between Bitcoin and gold are not stable, that is, if Bitcoin or gold faces the downward or upward risk, both the downward and upward risk of another asset have the chance to increase. The negative risk spillover between gold and USD is stable, especially in long-term horizons. Finally, the risk spillover between Bitcoin and gold as well as between gold and USD are asymmetric at downward and upward market environment.
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