Ionic
thermoelectric (i-TE) material with mobile ions as charge
carriers has the potential to generate large thermal voltages at low
operating temperatures. This study highlights the role of ions in
i-TE hydrogels employing a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymer matrix
and a number of ion providers, e.g., KOH, KNO3, KCl, KBr,
NaI, KI, and CsI. The relationship between the intrinsic physical
parameters of the ion and the thermoelectric performance is established,
indicating the ability to influence the hydrogen bond by the ion is
a crucial factor. Among these i-TE hydrogels, the PVA/CsI hydrogel
exhibits the largest ionic Seebeck coefficient, reaching 52.9 mV K–1, which is the largest of all i-TE materials reported
to date. In addition, our work demonstrates the influence of ions
on polymer configuration and provides an avenue for ion selection
in the Soret effect in ionic thermoelectrics.
Ionic thermoelectric materials attract widespread attention due to their large Seebeck coefficient compared with electronic thermoelectric counterparts whose main charge carriers are electrons or holes. The present work shows that the ion-polymer matrix interaction can alter the Seebeck coefficient to a great extent. To further shed light on the role of ions, seven water-soluble inorganic chlorides are utilized in this work, to highlight the influence of the cationic softness parameter on the Seebeck coefficient in a PEDOT:PSS ionic conductor. We notice that cations with a positive or a small negative softness parameter value exhibit a negative Seebeck coefficient, resulting from limited thermal diffusion of the cations that are strongly bound to PSS- anions. Conversely, cations with a sufficiently negative softness parameter exhibit fast thermal diffusion due to weak binding to PSS- and, thus, lead to a positive Seebeck coefficient. Based on the established relationship, robust thermoelectric materials with a tunable Seebeck coefficient ranging from –9.63 mV/K to +3.07 mV/K are demonstrated. Our work highlights the important role of ionic properties and provides a pathway for the rational selection of ions in ionic thermoelectrics.
Abstract-The paper describes the sources and treatment of nuclear wastes generated during the production and operation of nuclear power plants, discusses the current situation and development prospects of nuclear waste treatment of China's nuclear power plants and proposes that accelerating and promoting the development of nuclear waste treatment is a practical need for China's sustainable nuclear power development as well as an important guarantee for achieving environment-friendly development of nuclear energy.
An overview of the development of lead-based alloys in lead-acid batteries is presented. Advantages and historical achievements of toxic cadmium, arsenic alloys are affirmed. Compared to cadmium-free and arsenic-free batteries, the shortcomings and performance gapes of cadmium-containing, arsenic-containing batteries are noted. Focusing the prospect of rare earth alloy, and overall promotion of cadmium-free and arsenic-free alloys in China.
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