Climate change and greenhouse gas emission reduction have become pressing concerns in recent years. Carbon trading systems and emission-reduction cost-sharing contracts are important emissionreduction measures, under the two mechanisms, this paper considers a dynamic emission-reduction technology investment decision-making problem in a dyadic supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer. In considering the influence of consumers' low-carbon preferences on market demand as well as the impact of uncertainty on carbon emission-reduction behaviour, this paper (1) constructs the investment game model under cost-sharing coordination between manufacturers and retailers; (2) adopts differential game and dynamic optimisation methods to obtained investment strategies for manufacturers and retailers under cost-sharing contracts.; and (3) uses a numerical simulation method to simulate the path evolution process of each state variable and, by analysing the sensitivity of various parameters, to determine the influence of various parameters on the decision making of emission reduction among stakeholders. The study finds that under the carbon trading system, cost-sharing contracts have a regulatory effect on enterprise emission-reduction investment and enterprise profits, and that the impact of regulatory effects increases over time. Likewise, the evolution path of the parameters used for various indicators presents a strengthened trend over time. The results show that it is necessary to enhance the cooperative development and exchange of carbon emission-reduction technology among enterprises.INDEX TERMS carbon emissions trading system, cost-sharing contracts, investment in emission-reduction technology, stochastic differential game
Considering the effective utilization of power battery, the cascade utilization was introduced power battery closed-loop supply chain, the system decision-making problem of the power battery dual circulation closed-loop supply chain composed of a manufacturer, recycler and cascade utilization enterprise was the research object. Under the scenario of government subsidizing cascade utilization enterprise and manufacturer sharing the innovation cost of cascade utilization, this paper (1) constructs a differential game model of the closed-loop supply chain dynamic system; (2) studies the equilibrium strategy of each game participant under the dual mechanism of government subsidy and cost-sharing; (3) analyses the influence of each parameter on the decision-making of main bodies by numerical simulation. The results show that with the increase of government subsidies, the utility of cascade utilization efforts will increase, the cascade utilization enterprise will reduce the sale price of cascade utilization products, the recycler will increase the wholesale price of high energy density batteries, the manufacturer shares part of the innovation cost of cascade utilization enterprise, which helps to reduce the burden of cascade utilization enterprise, and the government subsidy and coordination mechanism of cost-sharing are conducive to improving the level of cascade utilization.
The industrialization of new energy vehicles has accelerated, and the recycling industry driven by a large number of retired power batteries has exploded rapidly. How to control and deal with decommissioned batteries and balance economic and environmental benefits has become an urgent problem to be solved. Considering the influence of uncertain interference factors, the dynamic equilibrium strategy of power battery closed-loop supply chain members composed of leading manufacturer, recycler, and cascade utilization enterprise was studied. (1) This paper describes the stochastic evolution process of cascade utilization effort level by using Ito process and constructs a stochastic differential game model of closed-loop supply chain dynamic system combined with cost-sharing coordination mechanism. (2) Based on the stochastic differential game theory, the optimal profit function of the participants is given, and the dynamic equilibrium strategy of each participant is obtained. (3) In order to grasp the statistical characteristics of cascade utilization effort level, the random evolution characteristics of cascade utilization effort level are revealed. (4) Combined with numerical example, the influence of relevant parameters on the dynamic system of power battery closed-loop supply chain is analyzed. The results found that with the increase of the proportion of manufacturer sharing the innovation cost of cascade utilization enterprise, the cascade utilization effort level will improve, the profits of cascade utilization enterprise and recycler will increase significantly, the profits of manufacturer will decrease slightly, and the overall profits of the supply chain will increase. The cost-sharing coordination mechanism is conducive to ensuring the steady development of the industry and effectively improving the utilization efficiency of industrial resources.
Climate change has become a pressing concern in recent decades, and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is now recognised as an important strategy for redressing that concern. The carbon trading system and the provision of low-carbon cost subsidies are essential measures for reducing emissions in various countries and regions. In this context, we study the investment decision of emission reduction technology in a supply chain composed of a leading manufacturer and a following retailer under the cost subsidy policy of carbon emission reduction. We consider consumers’ low-carbon preferences and utilise differential game theory and dynamic optimisation technology to construct the investment game model under a cost subsidy policy affecting manufacturers and retailers. We then identify the equilibrium strategy and the evolution path of emission reduction, profit, and social welfare according to the interest’s composition and game relationship of each stakeholder. We also use numerical simulation method to analyse the evolution path of the system and the sensitivity of related parameters, so as to determine the influence of related parameters on the structure and path of the system. We conclude that under the current carbon trading system, the cost subsidy policy implemented by the government plays a positive role in promoting emission reduction investment and corporate profits of supply-chain-related enterprises.
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