Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes an irreversible primary metabolic reaction in plants. Previous studies have used transgenic plants expressing ectopic PEPC forms with diminished feedback inhibition to examine the role of PEPC in carbon and nitrogen metabolism. To date, the in vivo role of PEPC in carbon and nitrogen metabolism has not been analyzed in plants. In this study, we examined the role of PEPC in plants, demonstrating that PPC1 and PPC2 were highly expressed genes encoding PEPC in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves and that PPC1 and PPC2 accounted for approximately 93% of total PEPC activity in the leaves. A double mutant, ppc1/ppc2, was constructed that exhibited a severe growth-arrest phenotype. The ppc1/ppc2 mutant accumulated more starch and sucrose than wild-type plants when seedlings were grown under normal conditions. Physiological and metabolic analysis revealed that decreased PEPC activity in the ppc1/ppc2 mutant greatly reduced the synthesis of malate and citrate and severely suppressed ammonium assimilation. Furthermore, nitrate levels in the ppc1/ppc2 mutant were significantly lower than those in wild-type plants due to the suppression of ammonium assimilation. Interestingly, starch and sucrose accumulation could be prevented and nitrate levels could be maintained by supplying the ppc1/ppc2 mutant with exogenous malate and glutamate, suggesting that low nitrogen status resulted in the alteration of carbon metabolism and prompted the accumulation of starch and sucrose in the ppc1/ppc2 mutant. Our results demonstrate that PEPC in leaves plays a crucial role in modulating the balance of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Arabidopsis.
A new series of titanium(IV) and zirconium(IV) amides have been prepared from the reaction between M(NMe(2))(4) (M = Ti, Zr) and chiral ligands, (R)-2,2'-bis(p-toluenesulfonylamino)-1,1'-binaphthyl (1H(2)), (R)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphinoylamino)-1,1'-binaphthyl (2H(2)), (R)-2,2'-bis(mesitoylamino)-1,1'-binaphthyl (3H(2)), (R)-5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2,2'-bis(pyrrol-2-ylmethyleneamino)-1,1'-binaphthyl (4H(2)), (R)-5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2,2'-bis(mesitoylamino)-1,1'-binaphthyl (5H(2)), and (R)-5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2,2'-bis(mesitylenesulfonylamino)-1,1'-binaphthyl (6H(2)), which are derived from (R)-2,2'-diamino-1,1'-binaphthyl. Reaction of M(NMe(2))(4) with 1 equiv of arylsulfonylamides 1H(2) and 6H(2), diphenylphosphoramide 2H(2), mesitoylamides 3H(2) and 5H(2), or Schiff base ligand 4H(2) at room temperature gives, after recrystallization from a benzene, toluene or n-hexane solution, the chiral titanium amides (1)Ti(NMe(2))(2).3C(6)H(6) (7.3C(6)H(6)), (4)Ti(NMe(2))(2) (11), (5)Ti(NMe(2))(2) (13) and (6)Ti(NMe(2))(2) (15), and zirconium amides (1)Zr(NMe(2))(2) (8), (2)Zr(NMe(2))(2) (9), (3)Zr(NMe(2))(2) (10), (4)Zr(NMe(2))(2) (12), (5)Zr(NMe(2))(2) (14) and (6)Zr(NMe(2))(2).C(7)H(8) (16.C(7)H(8)) respectively, in good yields. These amides are stable below 90 degrees C in toluene solution, but they degrade via ligand redistribution at a higher temperature. For example, treatment of (1)Zr(NMe(2))(2) (8) or (5)Zr(NMe(2))(2) (14) in refluxing toluene for three days leads to the isolation of the complexes (1)(2)Zr.C(7)H(8) (17.C(7)H(8)) and (5)(2)Zr.3C(7)H(8) (18.3C(7)H(8)) respectively, in moderate yields. These new compounds have been characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, and elemental analyses. The solid-state structures of compounds 7-9, 11-13, and 15-18 have further been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analyses. The titanium amide 13 and all the zirconium amides are active catalysts for the asymmetric hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes, affording cyclic amines in moderate to excellent yields with moderate to excellent ee values (up to 93%). Theoretical studies reveal the interaction between the carbon chain of the substrate and the sterically demanding ligand groups plays a key role in the stereodirection of the enantioselection during the Zr=N bond approaches to the C=C bond.
Conformational switch from hairpin DNA to G-quadruplex induced by Pb(2+) is studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the presence of [Fe(CN)(6)](3-/4-) as the redox probe. In the presence of Pb(2+), the G-rich hairpin DNA opens the stem-loop and forms G-quadruplex structure, which gives rise to a sharp increase in the charge-transfer resistance (R(CT)) of the film reflected by the EIS. This structural change is also confirmed by circular dichroism (CD) measurements and UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis and calculated by density functional theory (DFT). On the basis of this, we develop a label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor for Pb(2+) detection. With increasing concentrations of Pb(2+), the differences in the charge-transfer resistance R(CT) before and after the Pb(2+) incubation is linearly dependent on the logarithm of Pb(2+) concentration within a range from 50 μM to 0.5 nM. The biosensor also exhibits good selectivity for Pb(2+) over other metal ions. This is a simple and label-free electrochemical method for Pb(2+) detection making use of the G-quadruplex.
Nannocystin A is a 21-membered cyclodepsipeptide showing remarkable anticancer properties. Described is the total synthesis of nannocystin A, which features an asymmetric vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction for efficient assembly of the penultimate open-chain precursor and a pivotal intramolecular Heck cross-coupling for the final macrocyclization.
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