Background: Kaempferol, a natural flavonoid, has been shown to induce cancer cell apoptosis and cell growth inhibition in several tumors. Previously we have conducted a full investigation on the chemical constituents of Gynura medica, kaempferol and its glycosides are the major constituents of G. medica. Here we investigated the growth inhibition and apoptosis induction effect of kaempferol extracted from G. medica. Materials and Methods:The inhibition effects of kaempferol were evaluated by MTS assay and soft agar colony formation assay.Fluorescence staining and western blotting were be used to study the apoptosis. The structure was identified by 1 H-NMR), 13 C-NMR and ESI-MS analyses.Results: Our results showed that kaempferol's inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth may through inducing apoptosis and downregulation of Bcl2 expression. Conclusion:Kaempferol is a promising cancer preventive and therapeutic agent for breast cancer. IntroductionAn estimated 231,840 new cases (excluding no-melanoma skin cancers) are expected to be diagnosed as invasive breast cancer in 2015, and breast cancer is the most common cancer occurred among women in the United States (Ward et al., 2015). Breast cancer alone accounts for 25% of all cancer cases, and accounts for about one-half of all breast cancer cases and 38% of deaths in more developed countries (Torre et al., 2015). Recrudesce and progressing of breast cancer is still the challenges for the treatment of breast cancer.Abundant intake of non-starchy vegetables and fruits has been suggested as a beneficial lifestyle factor for the prevention of a wide variety of cancer types, including breast cancer (Gonzalez et al., 2006; Ling et al., 2014). Kaempferol is a yellow compound that belongs to the flavonoid, widely found in fruits and plants, including apple, grapes, tomato, green tea, pine, angelica decursiva and ginkgo leaf (Kim et al., 2012; Park et al., 2006; Yoshikawa et al., 1999). Kaempferol has been shown to have an antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory function, cardioprotective and anti-aging properties (Calderon-Montano et al., 2011;Chen et al., 2013). A large number of epidemiological studies have documented that a high intake of kaempferol is associated with decreased risk of different types of cancer, such as colon cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, bladder cancer (Bobe et al., 2008;Dang et al., 2015;Garcia-Closas et al., 1999; Gates et al., 2007; Nothlings et al., 2007; Xie et al., 2013 (Tan et al., 2013). Kaempferol and its glycosides are the major constituents of the plant (Wan et al., 2011; Xie et al., 2013).The MTS assay showed that the ethanol extracts of G. medica have good inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth activity; furthermore, the acidic ethanol extracts showed better activity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analysis the constituent difference between ethanol and acidic ethanol extracts of G. medica. It is noted that the content of kaempferol in acidic ethanol extracts ...
Background Timely detection of cerebral infarction is of vital importance in planning intervention effect of rapid rehabilitation. The clinical auxiliary diagnosis value of single biomarker, including small dense low-density lipoprotein concentration (sdLDLc), homocysteine concentration (HCYc) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (HDLc) for cerebral infarction has been confirmed by many studies. Whether the use of three biomarkers in combination by calculating (sdLDLc*HCYc)/HDLc ratio could improve the diagnosis ability for primary cerebral infarction remains to be unclear. In the present study, we conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the value of (sdLDLc*HCYc)/HDLc ratio in clinical auxiliary diagnosis of primary cerebral infarction. Methods A total of 583 participants, including 299 healthy participants as control group and 284 participants diagnosed with first cerebral infarction as experiment group, were included in this respective study. The serum sdLDLc, HDLc and HCYc were measured by peroxidase method, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and an enzymatic method, respectively. Results The average concentration of sdLDL and HCY (0.69 ± 0.29 mmol/L and 18.14 ± 6.62 μmol/L) in experiment group was significantly higher than those in the control group (0.55 ± 0.22 mmol/L and 10.77 ± 2.67 μmol/L, P < 0.05). However, the average concentration of HDL (1.47 ± 0.25 mmol/L) in the control group was higher than that in the experiment group (1.33 ± 0.28 mmol/L, P < 0.05). Spearman correlation coefficient showed the three indicators are independent of each other. The positive predictive value of (sdLDLc*HCYc)/HDLc ratio (61.27%, 95% CI: 55.31–66.92) is higher than that in single biomarker (sdLDLc: 6.69 95% CI: 4.19–10.42, HCYc: 38.38%, 95% CI: 32.75–44.33, HDLc: 3.87%, 95% CI: 2.05–7.02). Receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis illustrated that predictive power of (sdLDLc*HCYc)/HDLc was higher than single biomarker, including sdLDLc, HCYc and HDLc, in primary cerebral infarction. Conclusions Therefore, (sdLDLc*HCYc)/HDLc ratio might be a better new indicator in clinical auxiliary diagnosis of primary cerebral infarction, which could be contributed to predicting cerebral infarction occurrence and provide a scientific basis for early prevention.
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