Previous studies have shown that, at certain dose levels, ethanol can exert a powerful, facilitory effect on aggressive behavior in both animals and humans. In the cat, however, it was discovered that ethanol differentially alters two forms of aggression that are common to this species. Defensive rage behavior is significantly enhanced, whereas predatory attack behavior is suppressed by ethanol administration. One possible mechanism governing alcohol's potentiation of defensive rage behavior is that it acts on the descending pathway from the medial hypothalamus to the midbrain periaq‐ueductal gray (PAG)—an essential pathway for the expression of defensive rage behavior that uses excitatory amino acids as a neu‐rotransmitter. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that the excitatory effects of alcohol on defensive rage behavior are blocked by administration of the N‐methyl‐o‐aspartate antagonist dl‐2‐ami‐no‐7‐phosphoheptanoic acid (AP‐7) when microinjected into the periaqueductal gray, a primary neuronal target of descending fibers from the medial hypothalamus that mediate the expression of defensive rage behavior. Thus, the present study establishes for the first time a specific component of the neural circuit for defensive rage behavior over which the potentiating effects of ethanol are mediated.
OH-type macroporous strong-base resin was evaluated as a heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of aldehydes to corresponding carboxylic acids by molecular oxygen. A wide range of aldehydes, such as aromatic,...
Novel palladium-based catalysts have been synthesized by attaching Pd(OAc)2 to surface-modified mesoporous silica and graphene oxide (functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and m-phenylenedicarboxaldehyde). Physicochemical properties of the catalysts were disclosed through systematic...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.