The seeds of plants are carriers of a variety of beneficial bacteria and pathogens. Using the non-culture methods of building 16S rDNA libraries, we investigated the endophytic bacterial communities of seeds of four hybrid maize offspring and their respective parents. The results of this study show that the hybrid offspring Yuyu 23, Zhengdan958, Jingdan 28 and Jingyu 11 had 3, 33, 38 and 2 OTUs of bacteria, respectively. The parents Ye 478, Chang 7-2, Zheng 58, Jing 24 and Jing 89 had 12, 36, 6, 12 and 2 OTUs, respectively. In the hybrid Yuyu 23, the dominant bacterium Pantoea (73.38 %) was detected in its female parent Ye 478, and the second dominant bacterium of Sphingomonas (26.62 %) was detected in both its female (Ye 478) and male (Chang 7-2) parent. In the hybrid Zhengdan 958, the first dominant bacterium Stenotrophomonas (41.67 %) was detected in both the female (Zheng 58) and male (Chang 7-2) parent. The second dominant bacterium Acinetobacter (9.26 %) was also the second dominant bacterium of its male parent. In the hybrid Jingdan 28, the second dominant bacterium Pseudomonas (12.78 %) was also the second dominant bacterium of its female parent, and its third dominant bacterium Sphingomonas (9.90 %) was the second dominant bacterium of its male parent and detected in its female parent. In the hybrid Jingyu 11, the first dominant bacterium Leclercia (73.85 %) was the third dominant bacterium of its male parent, and the second dominant bacterium Enterobacter (26.15 %) was detected in its male parent. As far as we know, this was the first research reported in China on the diversity of the endophytic bacterial communities of the seeds of various maize hybrids with different genotypes.
Plant seeds are carriers of both beneficial bacteria and pathogens. Using the 16S rRNA gene clone library technique, we conducted a preliminary study on the community diversity and population succession dynamics of endophytic bacteria in seeds of reciprocal cross hybrid maize at different seed developmental stages. In both hybrid lines (108A and 108B), more types of endophytic bacteria were found at the proembryo-forming stage than in the other two stages, including 29 and 23 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs), respectively. Undibacterium (39.20 and 30.00 % in 108A and 108B, respectively) was the first dominant bacterium to appear. At the milky stage, fewer types of endophytic bacteria in 108A and 108B appeared, including 18 and 16 OTUs, respectively, and the abundance of the dominant genus Burkholderia in the two seed samples reached 73.38 and 80.43 %, respectively. Limnobacter appeared as the second and third endophytic dominant bacterium in 108A (4.55 %) and 108B (5.07 %), respectively, in both seed samples. At the dough stage, the abundance of the first dominant bacterium, Burkholderia, in 108A and 108B was 78.26 and 84.80 %, respectively. Pantoea appeared as the second endophytic dominant bacterium in the both seeds (9.42 and 4.80 % in 108A and 108B, respectively). This is the first study on endophytic bacteria present during several crucial stages of the dynamic grain growth process of plant seeds conducted using culture-independent methods. Keywords Reciprocal cross maize seed . Endophytic bacteria . Bacterial diversity . Population succession . 16S rRNA gene library Abbreviation CTAB Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide PGPB Plant growth-promoting bacteria Y. Liu and S. Zuo contributed equally to this work.
Four Gram-stain-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, motile, endospore-forming, rodshaped bacteria, designated strains FeL05 T , FeL11, Fek19 and Fek21, were isolated from seeds of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L. Jinyou 611), and their taxonomic positions were determined using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the four strains were members of the genus Paenibacillus. They showed 95.4 % sequence similarity or less with strains of other Paenibacillus species. The G+C content of strain FeL05 T was found to be 53.3 mol%. Its predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 (61.7 %), C 16 : 0 (10.9 %), iso-C 16 : 0 (7.0 %), anteiso-C 17 : 0 (6.7 %) and iso-C 15 : 0 (5.2 %). On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain FeL05T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus hunanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain FeL05 T
A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain T22 T , was isolated from rhizosphere soil of Alhagi sparsifolia, collected from Xinjiang, China. Its major fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C 15 : 0 , C 16 : 1 !5c, iso-C 17 : 0-3OH, summed feature 1 (C 13 : 0 3-OH/iso-C 15 : 1 H) and summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 !6c/C 16 : 1 !7c). The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two aminolipids and four unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of the type strain was 53.4 mol%. According to phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain T22 T was related most closely to Chitinophaga barathri YLT18 T (=CCTCC AB 2015054 T) with similarity of 97.7 %. However, strain T22 T was clearly distinguished from Chitinophaga barathri YLT18 T using genome-to-genome distance and average nucleotide identity value calculation, as well as a range of physiological and biochemical characteristics comparisons. It is obvious from the genotypic and phenotypic data that strain T22 T represents a novel species of the genus Chitinophaga, for which the name Chitinophaga alhagiae sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is T22 T (=ACCC 60125 T =KCTC 62518 T).
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