The interphase-oxidized Ru clusters with half-filled 4d-orbitals can maintain a metallic surface for binding hydrogen at high anodic potential, leading to a high reactivity for hydrogen oxidation reaction in alkaline.
Nowadays, green supply chain management (SCM) practices are increasing among firms to adopt green practices and reduce the negative effects of supply chain operations on the environment. Firms such as manufacturing, mining, and agriculture have to improve their capacity in green SCM practices because environmental regulations force them to consider these issues. However, green practices are new and require comprehensive study to determine this problem. This study has taken the case of three garment manufacturing firms for the evaluation of green SCM practices in the context of Pakistan. The green SCM requires multi-dimensional techniques; therefore, fuzzy-based multi-criteria decision analysis approaches must be adopted while assessing green SCM practices of firms. This is because fuzzy-based methods obtain a significant solution for complex, vague, and uncertain multi-attribute problems in fuzzy environment. Therefore, in this study, a hybrid decision model comprised of Delphi, and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodologies is proposed for assessing the green SCM practices of firms in terms of green design, green purchasing, green production, green warehousing, green logistics, and reverse logistics. The Fuzzy AHP method results reveal that “green purchasing,” “green design,” and “green production” are ranked the most important green indicators. Further, results reveal the ranking of manufacturing firms (alternatives) in the context of green SCM practices. This study shall help industries to focus on green SCM practices and adopt the green manufacturing process.
Chalcopyrite CuInS2 is an important photovoltaic material. CuInS2 hollow nanospheres with diameters of 80−100 nm have been synthesized by a surfactant-assisted solution-chemical route. Structural characterization indicated that shells of the hollow spheres are composed of CuInS2 nanoparticles of about 10 nm in size. A vesicle-template mechanism was proposed to explain the formation process of the hollow structure, during which amorphous hollow structures are first formed on the surfactant template and then crystallize in the refluxing process.
The precise control of nano‐structure and increase active sites density are of crucial importance for the pyrolyzed Fe‐N−C catalysts′ performance optimization. Herein, the relationship between molecular structures of PANI precursors and the activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of the derived Fe‐N−C catalysts is investigated. The PANI molecular structure, especially the content of quinoid rings (QR), is controlled by varying molar ratios of ammonium persulfate (APS) to aniline monomers (AN). With the increase of APS/AN ratio from 0.5 to 4, the oxidation degree together with the QR content of PANI increases. Accordingly, the produced catalysts’ morphology experiences an evolution from bulk, nanotube to flower‐like structure. And the ORR activity shows volcano‐relationship with the increase of the QR content in PANI precursors. Specifically, when APS/AN=2.5, the derived PANI with moderate QR content benefits to produce Fe‐N−C catalyst which shows the maximum ORR activity with a half‐wave potential of 0.74 V (vs RHE) in acidic electrolyte among the produced catalysts. Moreover, two opposite effects with the increasing QR content are revealed; i) the QR benefits the Fe coordination and Fe−Nx active sites formation which enhances the activity, and ii) the accompanying formed oligomers decrease the thermal stability and thus decrease the number of active sites.
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