Implementation of labor epidural analgesia increased the vaginal delivery rate and use of labor epidural analgesia is safe to parturients and fetus.

Outbreak of pulmonary infection caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates harbouring bla and bla DHA-1 in a neonatal intensive care unit in China Outbreaks caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemases and other blactamases have been reported. Four neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a Chinese hospital developed respiratory infection while receiving intensive care. In all four cases, multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae was isolated from multiple respiratory specimens, leading to additional characterization of these organisms and investigation of the local environment in the NICU. Multiple b-lactamase genes, including bla TEM-1 , bla IMP-4 , bla DHA-1 and bla CTX-M-14 , as well as the quinolone resistance gene qnrB4, were harboured by transferable plasmids from all four clinical isolates. Furthermore, PFGE confirmed that three of the four clinical isolates from the patients and three K. pneumoniae isolates collected from the hands of healthcare workers and an incubator in the NICU belonged to the same PFGE cluster, indicating that an outbreak due to multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae carrying bla IMP-4 and bla DHA-1 occurred in this NICU. As far as is known, this is the first report of the co-existence of bla IMP-4 and bla DHA-1 in the same K. pneumoniae isolate. These data suggest that additional precautions are needed to prevent outbreaks of infection caused by multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae resulting from environmental exposure in NICUs. INTRODUCTIONKlebsiella pneumoniae frequently exhibits resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins due to the production of extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) (Falagas & Karageorgopoulos, 2009

Summary Iron is virtually an essential nutrient for all organisms, to understand how iron contributes to virulence of plant pathogenic fungi, we identified ClFTR1 and ClNPS6 in maize pathogen Curvularia lunata (Cochliobolus lunatus) in this study. Disruption of ClNPS6 significantly impaired siderophore biosynthesis. ClFTR1 and ClNPS6 did mediate oxidative stress but had no significant impact on vegetative growth, conidiation, cell wall integrity and sexual reproduction. Conidial germination delayed and appressoria formation reduced in ΔClftr1 comparing with wild type (WT) CX‐3. Genes responsible for conidial germination, appressoria formation, non‐host selective toxin biosynthesis and cell wall degrading enzymes were also downregulated in the transcriptome of ΔClftr1 and ΔClnps6 compared with WT. The conidial development, toxin biosynthesis and polygalacturonase activity were impaired in the mutant strains with ClFTR1 and ClNPS6 deletion during their infection to maize. ClFTR1 and ClNPS6 were upregulated expression at 12–24 and 48–120 hpi in WT respectively. ClFTR1 positively regulated conidial germination, appressoria formation in the biotrophy‐specific phase. ClNPS6 positively regulates non‐host selective toxin biosynthesis and cell wall degrading enzyme activity in the necrotrophy‐specific phase. Our results indicated that ClFTR1 and ClNPS6 were key genes of pathogen known to conidia development and virulence factors.

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Overlap-extension PCR is a method for splice of gene segments to produce focused fragments for constructing recombinant plasmid, but its complexity limits its application. To simplify the protocol and to improve the effectiveness, we employed gradient temperatures to replace the single annealing temperature in the thermo-cycling program, and optimize the templates ratio. The concentration of each fragment was adjusted to 10 ng µl . Fragment concentration ratio was the inverse of the fragment size ratio. The products of fused segments were 2000-5000 bp in length using the revised one-step method. This method splices effective two or more fragments to fused gene and produce recombinant plasmid.