Water resource spatial equilibrium evaluations provide the bases for water resource utilization and allocation. To analyze the regional spatial water resource matching balance, this study constructed a water resource spatial matching model based on the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve methods. To further reflect the influence of each subregion on the whole region, we combined the correlation number and Gini coefficient methods to propose the water resource spatial balance evaluation method. Herein, we constructed nine Lorenz curve pairs that matched the total water resources and total water use with cultivated land area, population, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the secondary industry, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the tertiary industry, and agricultural irrigation water consumption. Set pair analysis theory was applied to calculate sample correlation numbers and determine equilibrium levels, which were then compared to Gini coefficient method-based results for Tai’an city evaluation. The results showed that the total water consumption spatial equilibrium in Tai’an city from 2011 to 2020 was favorable, while the total water resource results for Tai’an city greatly differed, especially the balance between total water resources and GDPs of the secondary and tertiary industries, which should be further improved. In practice, quantitative analysis of the water resource spatial equilibrium state in Tai’an city is important for efficient water resource utilization and coordinated development of water resources and economic and social environments.
Background (Background, Rationale, Prior Research, and/or Theory): Social Ecological Theory indicates that context at the micro and macro level plays an important role in our food choices. Therefore, holistic and context-focused food education can help children develop critical thinking skills that lead to healthy food choices in everyday life. Comprehensive food education programs should attend to the importance of nutrition to maintain good health and the role that food plays in our culture, relationships, history, and environment. In order to encourage the implementation of holistic food education, Pilot Light, a Chicago-based non-profit that provides K-12 teachers with food education curriculum and professional development, sought to develop clear Food Education Standards that support such holistic food education. Objective: To convene a group of experts during the Pilot Light Summit to participate in the systematic development and refinement of Food Education Standards that guide the implementation of food education programs in schools. Study Design, Setting, Participants, Intervention:The Pilot Light Food Education Summit convened 25 experts and community members across multiple disciplinary fields (including agriculture, culinary, education, nutrition, and public health) to develop and refine a consensus-based set of Food Education Standards and accompanying K-12 competencies that could be used to implement holistic food education in the classroom. Outcome Measures and Analysis: A set of Food Education Standards, which included a list of 149 competencies in food education, were analyzed and categorized using thematic analysis. Results: Thirty-one themes were derived from the original list of competencies; the most prevalent themes endorsed by Summit participants were food choice, health, food production, food access, and culture. Seven Food Education Standards were developed that encompassed all 31 themes. Conclusions and Implications: The Food Education Standards developed at the Pilot Light Summit provide clear, accessible guidance for educators interested in incorporating holistic food education in the classroom. Pilot Light will incorporate Food Education Standards into its existing programming and encourage further dissemination. Funding: Pilot Light.
Preschool-aged children in the U.S. have suboptimal diets. Interventions to improve child nutrition focus on parents and their role in shaping social and physical home environments, which influence children’s eating behaviors. Dietary assessment tools selected to measure intervention objectives, and how results are interpreted in key findings, are essential when examining children’s diets. The objectives of this review were to (1) describe dietary assessment tools used in intervention studies in young children focused within the home environment; and (2) examine how the application of these dietary assessment tools addressed intervention objectives. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for English-language nutrition intervention studies that included children aged 2–5 years, had a home environment component, used a dietary assessment tool, and reported on diet-related outcomes. Seventeen studies were included. Intervention objectives focused on overall diet, specific food groups, eating occasions, and obesity prevention/treatment. Concordance of key findings with intervention objectives, type of tool used, and multiple tools within the same study varied with 8 studies aligning in objective and tool, 1 discordant in both, and 8 partially concordant or too broad to determine. This review highlights current challenges in measuring dietary intake in preschoolers and provides recommendations for alternative applications and strategies.
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