An artificial retina system shows a promising potential to achieve fast response, low power consumption, and high integration density for vision sensing systems. Optoelectronic sensors, which can emulate the neurobiological functionalities of retinal neurons, are crucial in the artificial retina systems. Here, we propose a WSe 2 phototransistor with asymmetrical van der Waals (vdWs) stacking that can be used as an optoelectronic sensor in artificial retina systems. Through the utilization of the gate-tunable self-powered bidirectional photoresponse of this phototransistor, the neurobiological functionalities of both bipolar cells and cone cells, as well as the hierarchical connectivity between these two types of retinal neurons, are successfully mimicked by a single device. This self-powered bidirectional photoresponse is attributed to the asymmetrical vdWs stacking structure, which enables the transition from an n−p to p + −p homojunction in the WSe 2 channel under different polarities of gate bias. Moreover, the detectivity and ON/OFF ratio of this phototransistor reach as high as 1.8 × 10 13 Jones and 5.3 × 10 4 , respectively, and a rise/ fall time <80 μs is achieved, as well, which reveals good photodetection performance. The proof of this device provides a pathway for the future development of neuromorphic vision devices and systems.