The rare case of changing-look (CL) AGNs, with the appearance or disappearance of broad Balmer emission lines within a few years, challenges our understanding of the AGN unified model. We present a sample of 21 new CL AGNs at 0.08 < z < 0.58, which doubles the number of such objects known to date. These new CL AGNs were discovered by several ways, from (1) repeat spectra in the SDSS, (2) repeat spectra in the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) and SDSS, and (3) photometric variability and new spectroscopic observations. We use the photometric data from surveys, including the SDSS imaging survey, the Pan-STARRS1, the DESI Legacy imaging survey, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey, and the Palomar Transient Factory. The estimated upper limits of transition timescale of the CL AGNs in this sample spans from 0.9 to 13 years in the rest frame. The continuum flux in the optical and mid-infrared becomes brighter when the CL AGNs turn on, or vice versa. Variations of more than 0.2 mag in W 1 band were detected in 15 CL AGNs during the transition. The optical and mid-infrared variability is not consistent with the scenario of variable obscuration in 10 CL AGNs at more than 3σ confidence level. We confirm a bluer-when-brighter trend in the optical. However, the mid-infrared WISE colors W 1 − W 2 become redder when the objects become brighter in the W 1 band, possibly due to a stronger hot dust contribution in the W 2 band when the AGN activity becomes stronger. The physical mechanism of type transition is important for understanding the evolution of AGNs.

Dysregulated inflammatory responses are known to impair wound healing in diabetes, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that the antimicrobial protein REG3A controls TLR3-mediated inflammation after skin injury. This control is mediated by REG3A-induced SHP-1 protein, and acts selectively on TLR3-activated JNK2. In diabetic mouse skin, hyperglycaemia inhibits the expression of IL-17-induced IL-33 via glucose glycation. The decrease in cutaneous IL-33 reduces REG3A expression in epidermal keratinocytes. The reduction in REG3A is associated with lower levels of SHP-1, which normally inhibits TLR3-induced JNK2 phosphorylation, thereby increasing inflammation in skin wounds. To our knowledge, these findings show for the first time that REG3A can modulate specific cutaneous inflammatory responses and that the decrease in cutaneous REG3A exacerbates inflammation in diabetic skin wounds.

MicroRNAs have been reported to play critical roles in the regulation of non‐small‐cell cancer (NSCLC) development, but the role of microRNA (miR)‐331‐3p in NSCLC is still unclear. In this study, the expression levels of miR‐331‐3p in NSCLC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues were examined by quantitative RT‐PCR, and the relationship between miR‐331‐3p expression and patient clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. The effects of miR‐331‐3p on epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and metastasis of NSCLC cells were determined in vitro and vivo. Direct functional targets of miR‐331‐3p were identified by luciferase reporter assay, western blot assay, immunohistochemical staining, and rescue assay. The downstream pathway regulated by miR‐331‐3p was identified by immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and Rac1 activity examination. Our results showed that miR‐331‐3p was significantly downregulated in NSCLC tumor tissues and was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics, and miR‐331‐3p could be an independent prognostic marker for NSCLC patients. Furthermore, miR‐331‐3p significantly suppressed EMT, migration and metastasis of NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. Both ErbB2 and VAV2 were direct functional targets of miR‐331‐3p. The activities of Rac1, PAK1, and β‐catenin were regulated by miR‐331‐3p through ErbB2 and VAV2 targeting. These results indicated that miR‐331‐3p suppresses EMT, migratory capacity, and metastatic ability by targeting ErbB2 and VAV2 through the Rac1/PAK1/β‐catenin axis in NSCLC.

IL-36 family members are highly expressed in hyperproliferative keratinocytes and play an important role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases such as psoriasis. However, whether and how IL-36 cytokines are induced to promote wound healing remains unknown. Here we showed that skin injury increased the expression of IL-36γ to promote wound healing. Mechanistically, the expression of IL-36γ was induced by RNAs from damaged cells via the activation of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF) followed by the induction of a zinc finger protein SLUG to abrogate the inhibitory effect of vitamin D receptor (VDR) on the promoter of IL-36γ gene. IL-36γ acted back on keratinocytes to induce REG3A, which regulated keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, thus promoting wound re-epithelialization. These observations show that skin injury increases IL-36γ via the activation of TLR3-SLUG-VDR axis and that IL-36γ induces REG3A to promote wound healing. These findings also provide insights into pathways contributing to wound repair.

Inflammation has long been accepted as a key component of carcinogenesis. During inflammation, inflammasomes are potent contributors to the activation of inflammatory cytokines that lead to an inflammatory cascade. Considering the contributing role of inflammasomes in cancer progression, inflammasome inhibitors seem to have a promising future in cancer treatment and prevention. Here, we summarize the structures and signaling pathways of inflammasomes and detail some inflammasome inhibitors used to treat various forms of cancer, which we expect to be used in novel anticancer approaches. However, the practical application of inflammasome inhibitors is limited in regard to specific types of cancer, and the associated clinical trials have not yet been completed. Therefore, additional studies are required to explore more innovative and effective medicines for future clinical treatment of cancer.

Nanozyme‐based tumor catalytic therapy has attracted widespread attention in recent years, but its therapeutic outcome is drastically diminished by species of nanozyme, concentration of substrate, pH value, and reaction temperature, etc. Herein, a novel Cu‐doped polypyrrole nanozyme (CuP) with trienzyme‐like activities, including catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and peroxidase (POD), is first proposed by a straightforward one‐step procedure, which can specifically promote O 2 and ·OH elevation but glutathione (GSH) reduction in tumor microenvironment (TME), causing irreversible oxidative stress damage to tumor cells and reversing the redox balance. The PEGylated CuP nanozyme (CuPP) has been demonstrated to efficiently reverse immunosuppressive TME by overcoming tumor hypoxia and re‐educating macrophage from pro‐tumoral M2 to anti‐tumoral M1 phenotype. More importantly, CuPP exhibits hyperthermia‐enhanced enzyme‐mimic catalytic and immunoregulatory activities, which results in intense immune responses and almost complete tumor inhibition by further combining with α PD‐L1. This work opens intriguing perspectives not only in enzyme‐catalytic nanomedicine but also in macrophage‐based tumor immunotherapy.

Structurally ordered intermetallic nanocrystals (NCs) and single-atom catalysts (SACs) are two emerging catalytic motifs for sustainable chemical production and energy conversion. Yet, both have limitations in enhancing performance and expanding the materials design space. For example, intermetallic NCs require high-temperature annealing (> 500 °C) to promote atom rearrangement and d-d orbital hybridization, leading to potential aggregation or sintering, while SACs are typically limited by a low metal-atom loading (< 1 wt%) to avoid aggregation of metal atoms. Here, we report a facile, direct solution-phase synthesis of Cu/CuAu core/shell NCs with tunable single-atom alloy (SAA) layers. This synthesis can be extended to other Cu/CuM (M = Pt, Pd) systems, in which M atoms are isolated in the Cu host and can be considered the highest density of single-atom sites. We controlled the density of singlesites and the number of atomic layers and investigated the ligand and strain effects of Cu/CuAu for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO 3 RR). The Cu/CuAu densely packed SAAs demonstrated a high selectivity toward NH 3 from NO 3 RR with an 85.5% Faradaic e ciency (FE) while maintaining an exceedingly high yield rate of 8.47 mol h -1 g -1 . This work advances the design of atomically precise catalytic sites by creating a new paradigm of core/shell NCs with SAA atomic layers, opening an avenue for broad catalytic applications in achieving a sustainable energy future. Full TextAccess to nanoscale multifunctionality and synergistic properties requires the development of heterostructures that assemble nanomaterials with distinctive natures. As an example of heterostructured nanomaterials, well-de ned core/shell metal nanocrystals (NCs) create interfaces between chemically and structurally dissimilar materials and demonstrate tailorable, synergistic functionality from a spatially controlled distribution of chemical compositions 1-3 . Those core/shell NCs often exhibit enhanced or even unconventional physicochemical properties and thus provide new opportunities for many energy-related catalytic processes, such as the reactions involved in fuel cells (oxygen reduction reaction and fuel oxidation reactions) 4-6 , water splitting cells (hydrogen/oxygen evolution reaction) 7,8 , and small molecule transformation schemes (CO 2 reduction) 9,10 . In the ideal scenario, core/shell metal NCs need to be fabricated with a low-cost metal core with precious metal atoms in a thin (≤ 1 nm) shell to enhance atom e ciency and to tune NCs' properties through interfacial electronic and geometric effects 11,12 . In particular, tailoring the thin shell in an ordered intermetallic structure with long-range atomic ordering and strong d-d orbital coupling could open up new avenues for improving the catalytic properties of core/shell NCs [13][14][15] . However, high temperature is involved in the phase transformation, leading to a catastrophic failure in creating such a well-de ned, atomic precise structure.To maximize the atom e ciency of ...

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are not transcriptional noise, as previously understood, but are currently considered to be multifunctional. Exosomes are derived from the internal multivesicular compartment and are extracellular vesicles (EVs) with diameters of 30–100 nm. Exosomes play significant roles in the intercellular exchange of information and material. Exosomal lncRNAs may be promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and potential targets for cancer therapies, since they are increasingly understood to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. This review mainly focuses on the roles of emerging exosomal lncRNAs in cancer. In addition, the biogenesis of exosomes, the functions of lncRNAs, and the mechanisms of lncRNAs in exosome-mediated cell-cell communication are also summarized.