Based on wind velocity and wind direction data monitored by Qiemo and Ruoqiang Meteorological Stations, a systematic elaboration on the wind-sand hazards threatening railways in the study area is given. The results indicate that the study area had an annual sand-moving wind frequency of 7.63–20.09%. The prevailing directions of sand-moving wind were NE and ENE. The annual drift potential (DP) of the study area fell within the range of 66.18–124.21 VU, so the study area had a low-wind-energy environment. The yearly direction variability index fell within 0.594–0.610, which was a medium ratio. The yearly resultant drift directions (RDDs) were 222.34° (SW) and 241.79° (WSW), respectively. The seasonal DPs and sand-moving wind frequencies in various directions manifested consistent variation characteristics. The direction variability index presented obvious seasonal variation characteristics. The surface particles in the study area were primarily extremely fine sand, fine sand, and medium sand, which formed wind-sand flows under the sand-moving wind, resulting in railway erosion and two forms of hazards (sand burial and wind erosion) along railways. Following the “blocking-fixing” principle, sand control measures combining mechanical and biological elements are taken along railways to ensure safe service.
The multi-row sand barriers have been widely concerned about their high efficiency wind and sand prevention effect in the sand blown prevention and control for road engineering. The spacing between sand barriers is the primary issue to be resolved in the arrangement of multi-row sand barriers. This study considered the reed sand barrier protection project of Xinjiang segment of Golmud-Korla railway as the research object, revealed the evolution characteristics of flow field and distribution laws of sand accumulation under the control of three-row sand barriers spacing by field observation, wind tunnel test and numerical simulation, and the optimal spacing of three-row reed sand barriers was explored by Design Exploration optimization analysis method. The results indicated the flow field presented a typically superimposed morphology of deceleration zones, acceleration zones, and recovery zones when airflow passed through the reed sand barrier. There was no deceleration zone ahead the second and third-row sand barriers before optimization; the flow field distribution was complete and each-row sand barrier can have a synergistic role in wind and sand prevention after optimization. The optimal spacing between three-row sand barriers decreases as wind velocity increases. The optimal spacing between sand barriers corresponding to 10 m s− 1, 15 m s− 1 and 20 m s− 1 wind velocity is 25.5m, 24m and 20.0m respectively. The sand-blocking rates of corresponding reed sand barriers were 84.53%, 64.42% and 47.51%, which were 8.54%, 20.77% and 0.78% higher than before optimization, respectively. Therefore, it was suggested that the spacing of three rows reed sand barriers is 20 ~ 25 m in the survey region, so that each-row sand barriers can play a role.
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