Urbanization is a continuous process for a city’s economic development. Though rapid urbanization provides a huge employment opportunity for people, urban threats also increase proportionately due to natural and man-made hazards. Understanding urban resilience and sustainability is an urgent matter to face hazards in the rapidly urbanized world. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the concept and develop key indications of urban resilience and sustainability from the existing literature. A systematic literature review guided by PRISMA has been conducted using literature from 1 January 2001 to 30 November 2021. It argues that sustainability and resilience are interrelated paradigms that emphasize a system’s capacity to move toward desirable development paths. Resilience and sustainability are fundamentally concerned with preserving societal health and well-being within the context of a broader framework of environmental change. There are significant differences in their emphasis and time scales, particularly in the context of urbanization. This study has identified key indicators of urban resilience under three major components like adaptive capacity (education, health, food, and water), absorptive capacity (community support, urban green space, protective infrastructure, access to transport), and transformative capacity (communication technology, collaboration of multi-stakeholders, emergency services of government, community-oriented urban planning). This study also identified several indicators under major dimensions (social, economic, and environmental) of urban sustainability. The findings will be fruitful in understanding the dynamics of urban vulnerability and resilience and its measurement and management strategy from developed indicators.
Laboratory incubation trials were conducted to investigate the effects of several factors on the persistence as well as the dissipation of three synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in red soils obtained from the Yangtze River Delta region in China. The pyrethroids selected for investigation were cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin, which continue to be used extensively to control pests on farmland in the region despite the concern that they are highly toxic to certain vertebrate and mammalian species. Data from this exploratory study showed that the dissipation half-lives (T (1/2)) tended to correlate with soil pH and soil organic matter contents, but not with soil cation-exchange capacity. The T (1/2) values were seen to be shorter in soil samples fertilized with glucose than without. The rates of pyrethroid dissipation also tended to increase with increasing initial soil concentration, but were largely unaffected by whether the pesticides were present in the soil separately or as a mixture. Another noteworthy observation is that microbial activity appeared to dominate the degradation process. Findings of this type could offer valuable clues for future research directions in reducing pesticide persistence in soil, which in turn could lead to the ultimate reduction of environmental pollution caused by pyrethroid application to farmland in the region.
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