Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major health threats in developed countries. Changes in dietary components, such as more protein and lipid intake, can increase the risk of CRC. Diet affects CRC in many ways. They regulate the composition and function of gut microbiota, which have an amazing metabolic capacity and can produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as propionate, acetate, and butyrate. Butyrate is a principal energy source for colonic epithelial cells and plays an important role in maintaining the stability of gut microbiota and the integrity of intestinal epithelium. However, there are few studies reviewing the anti-CRC potentials of butyrate. This review summarizes the recent research progresses in the effect of gut microbiota imbalance and the decrease in intestinal microbial metabolite butyrate caused by unbalanced diet on CRC development, and discusses the mechanisms of butyrate-induced anti-CRC activities, which may guide people to prevent CRC by improving diet structures.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths that is often associated with inflammation initiated by activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Nucleic acid sensing PRRs are one of the major subsets of PRRs that sense nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), mainly including some members of Toll-like receptors (TLR3, 7, 8, 9), AIM2-like receptors (AIM2, IFI16), STING, cGAS, RNA polymerase III, and DExD/H box nucleic acid helicases (such as RIG-I like receptors (RIG-I, MDA5, LPG2), DDX1, 3, 5, 7, 17, 21, 41, 60, and DHX9, 36). Activation of these receptors eventually leads to the release of cytokines and activation of immune cells, which are well known to play crucial roles in host defense against intracellular bacterial and virus infection. However, the functions of these nucleic acid sensing PRRs in the other diseases such as CRC and colitis remain largely unknown. Recent studies indicated that nucleic acid sensing PRRs contribute to CRC and/or colitis development, and therapeutic modulation of nucleic acid sensing PRRs may reduce the risk of CRC development. However, until now, a comprehensive review on the role of nucleic acid sensing PRRs in CRC and colitis is still lacking. This review provided an overview of the roles as well as the mechanisms of these nucleic acid sensing PRRs (AIM2, STING, cGAS, RIG-I and its downstream molecules, DDX3, 5, 6,17, and DHX9, 36) in CRC and colitis, which may aid the diagnosis, therapy, and prognostic prediction of CRC and colitis.

Chitosan is increasingly used for safe nucleic acid delivery in gene therapy studies, due to well-known properties such as bioadhesion, low toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Furthermore, chitosan derivatization can be easily performed to improve the solubility and stability of chitosan–nucleic acid polyplexes, and enhance efficient target cell drug delivery, cell uptake, intracellular endosomal escape, unpacking and nuclear import of expression plasmids. As in other fields, chitosan is a promising drug delivery vector with great potential for the fish farming industry. This review highlights state-of-the-art assays using chitosan-based methodologies for delivering nucleic acids into cells, and focuses attention on recent advances in chitosan-mediated gene delivery for fish biotechnology applications. The efficiency of chitosan for gene therapy studies in fish biotechnology is discussed in fields such as fish vaccination against bacterial and viral infection, control of gonadal development and gene overexpression and silencing for overcoming metabolic limitations, such as dependence on protein-rich diets and the low glucose tolerance of farmed fish. Finally, challenges and perspectives on the future developments of chitosan-based gene delivery in fish are also discussed.

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Summary 皮肌炎 (DM) 是一种导致皮肤和肌肉炎症的罕见疾病。DM 有不同亚型,根据遗传学差异来具体定义。一种 DM 亚型(抗‐MDA5 DM )以称为抗‐黑色素瘤分化‐相关基因 5 的基因为特征,这一亚型与极高的间质性肺病 (ILD) 风险有关。在亚洲,10‐48% 的 DM 患者患有此型 DM。这项来自中国的研究旨在探索某些统称为 1 型干扰素系统的蛋白在这一类型 DM 发生中的角色。研究了抗‐MDA5 DM 患者,并与其他 DM 变种患者进行了比较。检测了血液(炎症细胞因子、B 细胞活化因子或‘BAFF’、涎液化糖链抗原‐6)和皮损(STAT1、ISG15 和 MxA)中的特定蛋白水平。抗‐MDA5 DM 患者中 IFN‐α 的血浆蛋白水平远高于其他 DM 亚型患者。来自抗‐MDA5 DM 患者中的皮肤活检以 STAT1、ISG15 和 MxA 蛋白的强表达(存在)为特征。在 IFN‐α 生成高的抗‐MDA5 DM/ILD 患者中,IFN‐α 和 BAFF 水平之间存在关联。此外,BAFF 水平增高与 KL‐ 6 浓度增高平行。这项研究确认了抗‐MDA5 DM 中 I 型 IFN 蛋白系统的活化异常。与 BAFF 相关的 IFN‐α 的过多生成可能与 ILD 发生有关。