Introduction
Blood proteins are emerging as candidate biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We systematically profiled the plasma proteome to identify novel AD blood biomarkers and develop a high‐performance, blood‐based test for AD.
Methods
We quantified 1160 plasma proteins in a Hong Kong Chinese cohort by high‐throughput proximity extension assay and validated the results in an independent cohort. In subgroup analyses, plasma biomarkers for amyloid, tau, phosphorylated tau, and neurodegeneration were used as endophenotypes of AD.
Results
We identified 429 proteins that were dysregulated in AD plasma. We selected 19 “hub proteins” representative of the AD plasma protein profile, which formed the basis of a scoring system that accurately classified clinical AD (area under the curve = 0.9690–0.9816) and associated endophenotypes. Moreover, specific hub proteins exhibit disease stage‐dependent dysregulation, which can delineate AD stages.
Discussion
This study comprehensively profiled the AD plasma proteome and serves as a foundation for a high‐performance, blood‐based test for clinical AD screening and staging.
Introduction
Dozens of Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐associated loci have been identified in European‐descent populations, but their effects have not been thoroughly investigated in the Hong Kong Chinese population.
Methods
TaqMan array genotyping was performed for known AD‐associated variants in a Hong Kong Chinese cohort. Regression analysis was conducted to study the associations of variants with AD‐associated traits and biomarkers. Lasso regression was applied to establish a polygenic risk score (PRS) model for AD risk prediction.
Results
SORL1
is associated with AD in the Hong Kong Chinese population. Meta‐analysis corroborates the AD‐protective effect of the
SORL1
rs11218343 C allele. The PRS is developed and associated with AD risk, cognitive status, and AD‐related endophenotypes.
TREM2
H157Y might influence the amyloid beta 42/40 ratio and levels of immune‐associated proteins in plasma.
Discussion
SORL1
is associated with AD in the Hong Kong Chinese population. The PRS model can predict AD risk and cognitive status in this population.
Recent advances in genetic sequencing have enabled comprehensive genetic analyses of human diseases, resulting in the identification of numerous genetic risk factors for heritable disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Such analyses enable AD risk prediction well before disease onset, which is critical for early interventions. However, current analytical approaches have limited ability to accurately estimate the risk effects of genetic variants owing to epistatic effects, which have been overlooked in most previous studies, resulting in unsatisfactory disease risk prediction. Herein, we modeled AD polygenic risk using deep learning methods, which outperformed existing models (i.e., weighted polygenic risk score and lasso models) for classifying disease risk. Moreover, by examining the associations between the outcomes from deep learning methods and multi-omics data obtained from our in-house Chinese AD cohorts, we identified the pathways that are potentially regulated by AD polygenic risk, including immune-associated signaling pathways. Thus, our results demonstrate the utility of deep learning methods for modeling the genetic risks of human diseases, which can facilitate both disease risk classification and the study of disease mechanisms.
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