Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) culminates in multiple organ failure via uncontrolled inflammatory responses and requires effective treatment. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effect of calycosin (CA), a natural isoflavonoid, on sepsis-induced ALI. CA attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced structural damage and inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissues by histopathological analysis. CA significantly reduced lung wet/dry ratio, inflammatory cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and myeloperoxidase activity. Moreover, CA improved the survival of septic mice. CA also substantially inhibited interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 levels and cleaved caspase 1 expression and activity in lung tissues. Additionally, CA markedly suppressed oxidative stress by increasing levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione while decreasing malondialdehyde. In vitro assay showed that CA significantly inhibited LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-18 levels and cleaved caspase 1 expression and activity in BMDMs. Moreover, CA blocked the interaction among NLRP3, ASC, and caspase 1 in LPS-treated cells. CA markedly reduced mitochondrial ROS levels. Significantly, compared with CA treatment, the combination of CA and MitoTEMPO (mitochondria-targeted antioxidant) did not further reduce the IL-1β and IL-18 levels and cleaved caspase 1 expression and activity and decreased mitochondrial ROS levels. Collectively, the inhibition of mitochondrial ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to the protective effects of CA, which may be considered a potential therapeutic agent for septic ALI.
A novel model was established to investigate the effects of the initial stencil width on stainless steel wet chemical etching. This model was derived to correlate the etching depth with the initial stencil width, etching time and other parameters. Coefficient of determination (COD) was applied to check the fitting accuracy of the model. The model showed good predictive capability for the initial stencil widths ranging from 50 μm to 500 μm. From the derivations of the model, it was found that the etching rate is controlled by the ratio of the area being etched to the area of the stencil opening. Explanations for the variation of the etching depth versus the initial stencil width were also given through a series of mathematical derivations. The limitation of the model and the corresponding reasons were also discussed. This model can be used to predict the etching depth in practical productions when the etching time and the initial stencil width are given.
In this study, in-situ TiB 2 /Al composites is fabricated by K 2 TiF 6 and KBF 4
systems. The effects of process parameters on the size, distribution and morphology
of in-situ TiB 2 particles, as well as the microstructure and mechanical properties of the
composite is analyzed. When the mixed salts is added at 750 °C, TiB 2 particles are
short rods. When the temperature is higher than 825 °C, TiB 2 particles are cubic
columns and hexagonal columns. When the reaction temperature is 825 °C, the grain
refinement of the composite is most obviously. When the holding time is 80 min, TiB 2
particles are uniformly distributed in the matrix and the size is less than 2 μm. The
ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the composite reach the
maximum values of 230 MPa, 125 MPa and 9.5%. When the holding time is 110 min,
TiB 2 particles agglomerate at the grain boundary, and the mechanical properties of the
composites decrease. When the Ti/B molar ratio is 1/1, in addition to forming TiB 2
particles, large size hard brittle phase TiAl 3 appear in the microstructure. When the
Ti/B molar ratio is 1/2.2, the formation of hard brittle phase TiAl 3 can be inhibited,
TiB 2 particles are uniformly distributed in the matrix and the grain refinement is most
obviously. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the
composite reach the maximum values of 225 MPa, 110 MPa and 8.5%. When the Ti/B
molar ratio is 1/3, the unreacted residual mixed salts appear in the microstructure of
the composite, and the residual mixed salts impurities exist at the interface between
TiB 2 particles and the matrix, so reduce the mechanical properties of the composite.
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