Red wine is a well-known alcoholic beverage, and is known to have phenolic compounds (PCs), which contribute to its antioxidant activity and have other beneficial advantages for human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the simulated gastro-intestinal digestion and the Caco-2 transepithelial transport assay on the PCs, bioavailability, and the antioxidant capacity of red wines. The contents of PCs in red wine were significantly reduced during most of the digestion phases. Phenolic acid had the greatest permeability, while the flavonols had the weakest. The bioavailability of PCs ranged from 2.08 to 24.01%. The result of the partial least squares structural equation model showed that the three phenols were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of red wine. The contribution of anthocyanins was the largest (0.8667).
Escherichia coli is one of the most frequent causes of gastro-intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases in animals and humans. Due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics, recent years have seen a rapidly increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant (AR) Escherichia coli globally; particularly, AR E. coli from farm animal-associated sources and its antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are becoming a global concern, with clinical negative effects on both human and animal health. The aim of this review was to explore the prevalence trends of AR E. coli from farm animals, waste treatment, and aquatic environments. The disinfection methods of AR E. coli and possible alternatives to antibiotics were also highlighted. The current review highlights that the prevalence of AR E. coli from food animals, products, and animal waste is increasing at an alarming rate, but is reduced at waste treatment plants. Ultraviolet (UV) treatment, surface plasma oxidation, and biochar are commonly used to effectively eliminate AR E. coli. Some probiotics, plant extracts, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are arousing interest as promising alternatives to antibiotics to fight against AR E. coli. The current review suggests that AR E. coli from farm animal-associated sources is prevalent and poses a serious global threat to public health. This review provides an avenue for further research, development, and application of novel strategies to minimize antibiotic resistance in E. coli of farm animal origin.
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