Abstract. In this paper we study how to perform object classification in a principled way that exploits the rich structure of real world labels. We develop a new model that allows encoding of flexible relations between labels. We introduce Hierarchy and Exclusion (HEX) graphs, a new formalism that captures semantic relations between any two labels applied to the same object: mutual exclusion, overlap and subsumption. We then provide rigorous theoretical analysis that illustrates properties of HEX graphs such as consistency, equivalence, and computational implications of the graph structure. Next, we propose a probabilistic classification model based on HEX graphs and show that it enjoys a number of desirable properties. Finally, we evaluate our method using a large-scale benchmark. Empirical results demonstrate that our model can significantly improve object classification by exploiting the label relations.
When trained effectively, the Variational Autoencoder (VAE) (Kingma and Welling, 2013;Bowman et al., 2016) can be both a powerful generative model and an effective representation learning framework for natural language. In this paper, we propose the first large-scale language VAE model OPTIMUS 1 . A universal latent embedding space for sentences is first pre-trained on large text corpus, and then fine-tuned for various language generation and understanding tasks. Compared with GPT-2, OPTIMUS enables guided language generation from an abstract level using the latent vectors. Compared with BERT, OPTIMUS can generalize better on low-resource language understanding tasks due to the smooth latent space structure. Extensive experimental results on a wide range of language tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of OPTIMUS. It achieves new state-of-the-art on VAE language modeling benchmarks.
• Clinical features can predict lung metastasis of colorectal cancer patients. • Radiomics analysis outperformed clinical features in assessing the risk of pulmonary metastasis. • A clinical-radiomics nomogram can help clinicians predict lung metastasis in colorectal cancer patients.
We propose a hierarchical association approach to multiple target tracking from a single camera by progressively linking detection responses into longer track fragments (i.e., tracklets). Given frame-by-frame detection results, a conservative dual-threshold method that only links very similar detection responses between consecutive frames is adopted to generate initial tracklets with minimum identity switches. Further association of these highly fragmented tracklets at each level of the hierarchy is formulated as a Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) problem that considers initialization, termination, and transition of tracklets as well as the possibility of them being false alarms, which can be efficiently computed by the Hungarian algorithm. The tracklet affinity model, which measures the likelihood of two tracklets belonging to the same target, is a linear combination of automatically learned weak nonparametric models upon various features, which is distinct from most of previous work that relies on heuristic selection of parametric models and manual tuning of their parameters. For this purpose, we develop a novel bag ranking method and train the crucial tracklet affinity models by the boosting algorithm. This bag ranking method utilizes the soft max function to relax the oversufficient objective function used by the conventional instance ranking method. It provides a tighter upper bound of empirical errors in distinguishing correct associations from the incorrect ones, and thus yields more accurate tracklet affinity models for the tracklet association problem. We apply this approach to the challenging multiple pedestrian tracking task. Systematic experiments conducted on two real-life datasets show that the proposed approach outperforms previous state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of tracking accuracy, in particular, considerably reducing fragmentations and identity switches.
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