Understanding the mobility of tourists plays a fundamental role in the administration and design of tourist destinations, planning of on-site movement and marketing of attractions. In this paper, we focus on how to accurately predict the tourist"s next location within a given attraction. A heuristic method based on data mining is proposed, which considers the trajectory of a focal tourist and the movements of past visitors. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, a case study was conducted at the Summer Palace in Beijing, China. We collected movement information from tourists using GPS tracking technology, and the results of an independent samples t-test indicate that the proposed method indeed performs significantly better than existing methods. We further explore the potential applications of the proposed method. Our results significantly contribute to enhancing the level of personalized location-based service, tourist attraction administration, and real-time crowd control.

Most clinical and histologic features in this study were analogous to those reported west population, although with slight difference between them. Histologically, the morphology of the epithelium strongly suggested an odontogenic origin, and CKs expression of GOC was similar to that of odontogenic epithelium, suggesting histochemically that GOC might be derived from odontogenic epithelium.

Background/Aims: We previously reported that porcine intramuscular (i.m.) preadipocytes were different from subcutaneous (s.c.) preadipocytes on cell differentiation and lipid accumulation, but the underlying mechanisms remained unknown. The paper aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms by comparing the differences between i.m. and s.c. preadipocytes in glucose utilization, lipid metabolism, and the role of BMP signaling pathway. Methods: Experiments were performed in porcine primary i.m. and s.c. preadipocytes in culture. The mRNA and protein expression patterns were determined respectively by Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. Cytosolic triglycerides were examined by triglyceride assay. Results: The i.m. preadipocytes consumed more glucose by expression of GLUT1 and s.c. preadipocytes mainly utilized exogenic fatty acids for lipid synthesis by expression of LPL and FAT. Meanwhile, the expression of genes related to lipogenesis and lipolysis in s.c. preadipocytes increased more quickly than those in i.m. preadipocytes. The expression patterns of the genes involved in BMP-Smad signaling pathway were consistent with those of the genes participated in adipocytes differentiation in both i.m. and s.c. preadipocytes. Exogenous BMP2 significantly increased, whereas Noggin and Compound C, remarkablely decreased the triglycerides content in i.m. preadipoytes, without affecting s.c. preadipocytes. BMP2 shRNA significantly reduced the mRNA levels of the downstream genes of BMP-Smad signaling pathway and PPARγ in both i.m. and s.c. preadipocytes. Conclusion: These findings suggested that the differentiation and lipid accumulation differences between i.m. and s.c. preadipocytes might be caused by the different manners of glucose utilization, lipid metabolism and the BMP-Smad signaling pathway. The special feature of i.m. adipocytes implied that these cells might be a potential target for treatment of diabetes.

Students at two sites in China and one site in Korea engaged in Collaborative Reasoning, an approach to discussion that requires self‐management, free participation, and critical thinking. The discontinuity between the usual adult‐dominated discourse of Chinese and Korean homes and classrooms and the expected discourse of Collaborative Reasoning might have been anticipated to present a serious challenge to the students. Analysis of the discussions revealed, however, that students made a fast and smooth adaptation to the new discussion format, were highly engaged, and for the most part were able to manage the discussions themselves. The Chinese and Korean students showed a pattern of social propagation of “argument stratagems” parallel to that of American students. From comparison of reflective essays written by the Collaborative Reasoning students and by the control students, participation in the discussions clearly transferred to independent writing, again replicating results with American students. تشاغل الطلاب في موقعين في الصين وموقع في كوريا في برنامج ((الاستدلال التعاوني)) وهو منهاج لنقاش يستلزم الإدارة الذاتية والمشاركة الحرة والتفكير النقدي. ومن الممكن أن يتوقع عدم التناسق بين الخطاب المعتاد الذي يهيمن عليه الناضجين في بيوت الصين وكوريا وصفوفهما وبين الخطاب المتوقع من الاستدلال التعاوني أن يشكل تحدياً جاداً للطلاب ومع ذلك فإن التحليل بيّن أن الطلاب تكيفوا بشكل سريع وسلس لنظام النقاش الجديد وكانوا منشغلين للغاية واستطاعوا إلى حد كبير إدارة النقاش لأنفسهم. وقد أظهر الطلاب الصينيون والكوريون تصرفات متكررة تجاه خلق اجتماعي لخطط حجية تحاكي خطط الطلاب الأمريكان الحجية. وقد أشارت المقارنة بين الأبحاث الأدبية التأملية المكتوبة على يد طلاب الاستدلال التعاوني وبين الطلاب الضباط إلى أن المشاركة في المناقشات قابلة لتحويل بشكل واضح إلى الكتابة الانفرادية ومرة أخرى تمت إعادة النتائج مع الطلاب الأمريكيين. 本文是有关学生参与协作推理讨论的研究。这研究分别在中国两个地方和在韩国一个地方进行。协作推理讨论要求学生的自我管理能力，自由参与，和批判性的思考方式。这些中、韩学生惯常在家中和学校中参与为成年人所支配的话语，由于这种话语与协作推理讨论话语在要求上的突变性，预料这些学生在参与协作推理讨论中会遇到严峻挑战。然而，研究分析显示，这些学生很快，很顺利适应这种新讨论方式，十分投入讨论，而且能够自我管理大部分协作推理讨论的进行。这些中、韩学生所展示的议论计策社交性蔓延格局与美国学生所展示的相似。在反思性文章写作表现方面，与对照组相比，协作推理讨论组的学生能够把参与讨论的技巧转移到独立写作上，这结果也复制了以美国学生为研究对象的结果。 Des élèves de deux sites en Chine et d'un site en Corée ont été placés en Raisonnement coopératif, une approche de la discussion qui demande contrôle de soi, libre participation, et pensée critique. On aurait pu s'attendre à ce que le contraste entre un discours généralement dominé par l'adulte tant à la maison qu'à l'école en Chine et en Corée et le discours attendu en Raisonnement coopératif pose de sérieuses difficultés aux élèves. L'analyse révèle pourtant qu'ils se sont adaptés rapidement et en douceur au nouveau format de discussion, se sont fortement impliqués, et ont été pour la plupart capables de mener eux‐mêmes les discussions. Les élèves chinois et coréens ont manifesté un type de propagation sociale des « stratégies argumentatives » semblable à celui des élèves américains. La comparaison des textes de réflexion écrits par les élèves en Raisonnement coopératif et par les élèves témoin a pe...