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LPS may induce remodelling of the human-trophoblast-derived HTR-8/SVneo cells by increasing miR-155, acting in part through the AP-1 and NF-κB pathways.

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Extraction equilibria of copper(II) from aqueous acetate buffer solutions with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) dissolved in kerosene and the stripping equilibria were investigated. Results showed that acetate ions can greatly improve the copper(II) extraction efficiency. The distribution coefficients were significantly dependent on the concentration of acetate ions and the pH value in the aqueous phase because of various mechanisms of extraction and complex formation in the organic phase. With the initial pH value of 4.44 and the acetate ion concentration of 0.18 mol·L-1, the maximum distribution coefficient was observed. In addition, mechanisms of copper(II) extraction in acetate buffer media were established. In the stripping process, the ability to back-extract copper(II) from the organic phase is HCl > H2SO4 > H3PO4.

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In this paper, the effects of pH on the mass transfer of copper extraction with hollow fiber renewal liquid membrane (HFRLM), which is a new type of liquid membrane system based on the surface renewal theory, were investigated. The system of CuSO4 in acetate buffer solution + D2EHPA in kerosene + acidic aqueous solutions was used to study the effects of pH and acetate ion concentration in the feed phase and type and acidity of the stripping phase on the mass transfer performance of the HFRLM process. Results showed that the mass transfer flux and removal efficiency of copper increase with increasing pH in the feed phase, reach a maximum value at pH of 4.44, and then decrease; an addition of acetate buffer solution at a low acetate ion concentration in the feed phase is enough for maintaining the higher mass transfer flux and removal efficiency in the HFRLM process. The influence of the stripping phase on the mass transfer performance of the HFRLM process is weak in our ranges studied. The stripping phase at a low hydrogen concentration is enough for the extraction of copper by HFRLM. The mass transfer fluxes of copper ions from feed solutions with different stripping acids followed the order: Cl− > PO4 3− > SO4 2− > NO3 −. And, a detailed mathematical model was developed based on the surface renewal theory. The calculated results have good agreement with experimental results.

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An enhanced copper paste, formulated by copper micro-and nano-particles mixture, is reported to prevent paste cracking and obtain an improved packing density. The particle mixture of two different sizes enables reduction in porosity of the micro-paste and resolves the cracking issue in the nanopaste. In-situ temperature and resistance measurements indicate that the mixed paste has a lower densification temperature. Electrical study also shows a $12Â lower sheet resistance of 0.27 X/sq. In addition, scanning electron microscope image analysis confirms a $50% lower porosity, which is consistent with the thermal and electrical results. The 3:1 (micro:nano, wt. %) mixed paste is found to have the strongest synergistic effect. This phenomenon is discussed further. Consequently, the mixed paste is a promising material for potential low temperature 3D interconnects fabrication.