Background: Rural communities worldwide are experiencing the most significant levels of aging. Most rural elderly have no stable pension, and leading family income plays an indispensable role in the life security of rural elderly. This study aims to investigate whether the association between annual family income per capita and body mass index (BMI) and self-rated health (SRH) in rural elderly is moderated by education during fast economic development.Methods: We chose the fixed-effects model to analyze the impact of the annual family income per capita change on BMI and SRH based on a large, nationally representative longitudinal dataset of rural respondents aged above 60 of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2010 to 2018.Results: Six hundred and fifty-eight were eligible for inclusion in our analysis in CFPS. The median age of participants was 65 years in 2010, and 379 (57.60%) participants were male. Self-rated health increased with higher the logarithmized family income per capita among the rural illiterate elderly (β = 0.0770; 95% CI = 0.0065–0.1473). Body mass index increased with higher the logarithmized family income per capita among the rural elderly (β = 0.1614, 95% CI: 0.0325–0.2903), and it was more evident among the illiterate elderly (β = 0.2462, 95% CI: 0.05519–0.4372).Conclusion: Family income has an impact on BMI and SRH moderated by education level among rural elderly in China. These results contribute to developing more targeted strategies in the context of a developing country. In addition, it also reminds us to consider the differences in the educational level of the elderly in rural areas when examining the relationship between family income and health.
Breakfast consumption is correlated with a range of positive outcomes, namely good academicperformance, appropriate nutrient intake and body mass index (BMI). However, many university studentshave the habits of skipping breakfast and consume an insufficient amount of nutrients. This study aimed todetermine the relationship between skipping breakfast and dietary intake with BMI among students of aprivate university in Shah Alam, Malaysia. A self-administered questionnaire was used in a cross-sectionalstudy of 200 students. The questionnaire asked about sociodemographic factors, dietary habits, and foodintake over 24 hours. SPSS and Nutritionist pro tools were used to analyse the data. Breakfast was skippedby 58% of students (60% of males and 56% females). Students' most common reason to skip breakfast is alack of time (n = 146; 73%). The majority of those who consumed more than 2500kcal per day wereoverweight. The results showed no significant association (p = 0.831) between breakfast skipping and BMI.There was no significant association (p > 0.05) between covariates (socio-demography, anthropometry,intakes of protein, carbohydrate, sodium, iron and vitamin C) with the BMI of students. However, there wasa significant association (p = 0.001) between dietary intake (calorie) and BMI. In conclusion, it is evidencedthat the dietary intake of these students influences their BMI status instead of the behaviour of skippingbreakfast. The importance of having breakfast should be emphasised among university students. Thestudents should prioritise their daily nutrient intake by taking regular breakfast
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