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Data on the reactions and processes occurring under the conditions of the alkaline activation of carbon substances-the production of activated carbons by the thermolysis of carbon substances in the pres ence of alkali metal hydroxides MOH-are summarized. The following most important activation processes were recognized: (1) the interaction of functional groups with MOH and the formation of intermediate struc tures with the C-O-M group;(2) their conversion into metal containing compounds (primarily, M 2 CO 3 and M 2 O) in reactions with carbon, especially, with terminal C atoms on the periphery of graphenes; and (3) the reduction of M 2 CO 3 and M 2 O to the metal M, which is intercalated into the interlayer spaces of crystal lites. The mechanism of alkaline activation was studied in most detail for KOH as an activating agent. The thermally initiated reduction of potassium oxide with carbon and the intercalation of potassium metal are the two most important processes for the development of the microporosity of activated carbon.