A b s t r a c tHerein we summarize the results of a comprehensive study aimed on the creation of liquid form of biological products for symbiotic and associative rhizobacteria. The objects of study were nodule bacteria from the rhizosphere of galegae (Rhizobium galegae), soybean (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) and associative rhizobacteria (Arthrobacter mysorens, Azospirillum brasilense, Agrobacterium radiobacter), as well as plants of soybean (Glycine max L.), barley (Hordeum L.), alfalfa (Medicago L.), etc. As carriers for bacteria, we used gamma-sterile peat, vermiculite and improved sterile liquid media on the basis of components of vegetable or synthetic origin, with the introduction of nutrients and stabilizers (humates, glycerine, potassium sorbate, carboxymethylcellulose, etc.). The efficacy of tested products and forms were compared in a biological survey carried out in different regions of the Russian Federation. Under the conditions of Leningrad Region the effectiveness was evaluated for the preparations based on recently used and perspective strains of alfalfa nodule bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti. An optimized combination of stabilizers, nutrients and protective substrates provided a long-term storage and high efficiency of biological products. Nevertheless, plant nutrient media (bean broth) did not provide the required quality. Using bean medium for cultivation it is possible to obtain the desired titer of bacteria in the product, but their numbers are rapidly decreasing. Furthermore, preparations obtained with use of bean broth lose quality after 2-3 months after the beginning of storage because of extraneous microflora therein. The new forms of biochemicals designed on the basis of a synthetic nutrient medium can be stored at room temperature for at least 6 months, when sterile-packed in plastic bottles. High bacteria titer (3.6-4.2 billion CFU/ml of liquid formulation) was obtained after cultivation. It is shown that an improved liquid form has a high efficiency. Its application on leguminous plants increased grain yield by 20-40 % in soy, and by 15-25 % in peas. Productivity of cereal crops (wheat, barley) increased by 15-25 %, and the productivity of alfalfa was 20-45 % higher. A significant increase in crop quality was found to be due to higher protein content. The effectiveness of biological products considerably depended on agroecological conditions and biological features of the crops. Using different strains of nodule bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti in the Leningrad Region allowed us to create the effective plantmicrobe systems. Thus on the sod-podzolic soil the strain A-4 was most effective providing yield increase by more than 25 %, while on sod-carbonate soil it was the strain A-5 which increased the productivity of alfalfa by 140 %.
The inoculation of legume seeds with Sinorhizobium bacteria significantly improves pasture production. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of symbiotically efficient and salt-tolerant Sinorhizobium meliloti inoculant strain AK555, which substantially increases biomass yield of a number of Medicago sativa subsp.
The aim of our study was to determine the effect of fungicide formulation, brand of fungicide, its concentration in the solution, holding time and temperature regime of the solution on the number of survivors of nodule bacteria of soybean, lupine, peas and lentils in a solution. Bacterial suspensions of soybean nodule bacteria (Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b), lupine (Bradyrhizobium lupini 367a), pea (Rhizobium leguminosarum 261b), and lentils (Rhizobium leguminosarum 712) were studied. Wetting powders Benomil (active substance benomil 500 g/kg, LLC “Soyuzagrohim”, Russia), Benorad (active substance benomil 500 g/kg, JSC “August”, Russia) and Fundazol (active substance benomil 500 g/l, LLC “Agro-Kemi”, Russia) and concentrates of suspension Maxim KS (active substance fludioxonil, 25 g/l; “Syngenta International AG”, Switzerland), Protect KS (active substance fludioxonil, 25 g/l; LLC “Agro Expert Group”, Russia), Protect Forte VSK (active substance fludioxonil, 40 g/l + flutriafol, 30 g/l; LLC “Agro Expert Group”, Russia) were studied as fungicidal disinfectants. Compatibility was determined after the preparation of tank solutions of biological products and fungicides, followed by an assessment of the percentage of surviving rhizobia depending on the brand of fungicide, its concentration (10 and 20%), the holding time of the solution (2, 4, 8 h) and the temperature regime of the solution (2-5, 16-18, 27 °C).
The present study is aimed at disclosing metabolic profile alterations in the leaves of the Medicago lupulina MlS-1 line that result from high-efficiency arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis formed with Rhizophagus irregularis under condition of a low phosphorus level in the substrate. A highly effective AM symbiosis was established in the period from the stooling to the shoot branching initiation stage (the efficiency in stem height exceeded 200%). Mycorrhization led to a more intensive accumulation of phosphates (glycerophosphoglycerol and inorganic phosphate) in M. lupulina leaves. Metabolic spectra were detected with GS-MS analysis. The application of complex mathematical analyses made it possible to identify the clustering of various groups of 320 metabolites and thus demonstrate the central importance of the carbohydrate and carboxylate-amino acid clusters. The results obtained indicate a delay in the metabolic development of mycorrhized plants. Thus, AM not only accelerates the transition between plant developmental stages but delays biochemical “maturation” mainly in the form of a lag of sugar accumulation in comparison with non-mycorrhized plants. Several methods of statistical modeling proved that, at least with respect to determining the metabolic status of host-plant leaves, stages of phenological development have priority over calendar age.
Водорастворимые полимеры в качестве прилипателей и пленкообразователей обеспечивают лучшую адгезию бактерий на семенах (по типу многокомпонентных формуляций при производстве современных химических протравителей). В этом качестве испытывались альгинат натрия низкой и высокой молекулярной массы (FMC полимер), гидроксипропилметилцеллюлоза (HPMC) (Colorcon®, «Colorcon, Inc.», США), полиэтиленгликоль (ПЭГ, PEG), карбомер (карбопол), поливиниловый спирт (PVA) и поливинилпирролидон (повидон, PVP). Более того, как оказалось, полимеры также способны удлинять период хранения биопрепаратов, повышать их совместимость с химическими средствами защиты, устойчивость к УФ-излучению, перепадам температур, высыханию, увеличивать выживаемость на поверхности семени, что позволяет производить обработку заблаговременно. Требования к создаваемым полимерным композициям-их бóльшая эффективность по сравнению с однокомпонентными при экономичности в производстве и технологичности в применении. В настоящей работе нами впервые показано, что твердофазный компонент (активированный уголь) улучшает протективные свойства полимерной композиции при предпосевной бактериальной инокуляции семян, а из исследованных полимеров выделен поливинилпирролидон как самый эффективный протектор ризобий, применение которого позволяет увеличить допустимый интервал между инокуляцией семян и их посевом. Цель работы заключалась в комплексном исследовании водорастворимых полимеров-поливинилпирролидона, поливинилового спирта, альгината натрия и карбоксиметилцеллюлозы как добавок к инокулянту для сои на основе штамма 634б Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Инокуляции и обработке полимерными композициями подвергали семена сои сорта Белгородская 7. По результатам исследования 10 % раствор поливинилпирролидона определен как наиболее эффективный среди исследованных полимеров. Его использование позволяет увеличить выживаемость клубеньковых бактерий на семенах более чем в 10 раз через 10 сут после инокуляции семенного материала. Варианты с различными концентрациями карбоксиметилцеллюлозы и альгината натрия не способны обеспечивать выживаемость бактерий на семенах более 3 сут. Возможно создание улучшенной полимерно-угольной композиции со сниженной концентрацией поливинилпирролидона (7,5 % PVP и 5,0 % активированного угля). Эффективность такой композиции выше, чем при использовании поливинилпирролидона без угля, и на 20-30 % уменьшает гибель бактерий на инокулированных семенах после первых 5-7 сут хранения семян. Ключевые слова: симбиотические азотфиксаторы, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, биопрепараты, инокуляция, соя, поливинилпирролидон, поливиниловый спирт, альгинат натрия, карбоксиметилцеллюлоза. Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации (Соглашение ¹ 14.607.21.0178, RFMEFI60717X0178).
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