The number phytopathogenic micromycetes is determined in the seeds of such cultivated varieties of cultural plant as soybeans, sunflowers, yellow mustard, buckwheat and thistle, which are grown by organic technology. It is shown that the number of micromycetes in the plant seeds differs significantly and ranges from 0.2 to 1.3 thousand NCO/g seeds. It depends on properties plants variety and hybrid, which are characterized by some certain set of physiological and biochemical characteristics that influences the formation seed mycobiome and it is quantitative composition. In the seeds varieties of these crops we identified such species of the phytopathogenic fungi as Alternaria alternate Fr., Fusarium oxysporum Schleht, Cladosporium herbarum Lket Gray, Botrytiscinerea Pers. Ex Fr., Ascochyta fagopyri Bres., Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire, Aspergillus P. Micheliex Haller, Pénicillium Link. It was found that the species composition of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the seeds of soybean cultivar Kent and thistle Riches is much more diverse than the seeds other crops dominated by fungi A. alternate and F. oxysporum, which are characterized by different frequency of occurrence. These phytopathogenic fungi can cause plant diseases at different stages of ontogenesis, produce mycotoxins and reduce the quality of plant products. In the mycobiome of seeds buckwheat varieties Sophia, Sуn and sunflower hybrids Oscar and Oliver are dominated by fungi of the genus Pénicillium аnd Aspergillus (60–90%). The seeds affected by saprotrophic fungi can be reinfected during storage. This reduces its field and laboratory germination of the seeds. Saprotrophic fungi that dominate the seeds significantly impair its quality during storage and cause dangerous plant diseases in agrophytocenoses during the cultivation of this variety/hybrid. This requires the application of additional preventive protection measures of plants. Mycobioma mustard seeds of а yellow variety Ford represents a small number the phytopathogenic micromycetes. This may indicate its environmental safety in organic production. Thus, the analyzed research results indicate a significant differentiation in varieties species as to composition and number of phytopathogenic species of micromycetes in the seed mycobioma. Therefore, in order to avoid ecologic risks and biological contamination of agrocenoses, it is necessary to test the seeds, as on the density of the mycobiome and on the frequency of phytopathogenic micromycetes damage.
Phytopathogenic aggressiveness is the ability of a fungus to reproduce in the tissues of host plants, which is manifested in different growth rates of mycelium, intensity of spore formation, viability of fungal spores, duration of development cycle and its resistance to extreme conditions. Varieties and hybrids of crops have a significant effect on changing the aggressiveness of phytopathogenic micromycetes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the aggressiveness of the fungus Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keiss under the influence of sunflower hybrids grown in different technologies. The influence of sunflower hybrids on the change of aggression was studied using the methods given in the methodological recommendations of M.O. Lemezi. The aggressiveness of A. alternata under the influence of sunflower hybrids grown by different technologies was analyzed. The following indicators were used for evaluation: viability of phytopathogenic micromycete spores, intensity of its spore formation and score of sunflower seedlings by the studied fungus. And also determined the degree of aggressiveness and pathogenicity of the fungus A. alternata. According to the results of the study, a high dependence of the aggressiveness of the studied micromycete on the biological properties of sunflower hybrids of different breeding origin was established. The Dushko hybrid, compared to the Oliver hybrid, both in traditional and organic cultivation technologies, can significantly reduce the aggressiveness of the phytopathogenic fungus A. alternata. This indicator should be used for ecological research of sunflower hybrids as a factor of biological pollution of the agrocenosis, that will allow to managing the stability of agroecosystems and obtain environmentally friendly and safe crop products.
The main component of the technology of growing agricultural crops is the use of high-quality seed material, as well as the use of biological poisons and plant growth regulators, which ensures their proper growth and development, reduces the negative impact of diseases, increases the yield of the cultivated crop and the quality of the obtained products. Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyze the influence of biological preparations Vimpel 2, Oracle multicomplex and their mixture Vimpel 2 + Oracle multicomplex on the sowing qualities the seeds of spring barley plants of varieties the Helios and Sebastian. The sowing quality of seeds spring barley was determined according to the methods prescribed by the state standard of Ukraine in the laboratory of biocontrol of agroecosystems and organic production of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of NAAN. It was found that seeds spring barley of varieties the Helios and Sebastian contaminated with micromycetes from 10 to 50% under the influence of the studied preparation, their laboratory germination and germination energy were high and ranged from 70% to 98%. At the same time, on the control version, the infection of seeds with micromycetes reached 100%, its laboratory germination and germination energy were significantly lower and amounted to 55% and 60%, respectively. According to the results of the morphometric indicators, it was shown that the sprout plants of spring barley developed more intensively under the influence of the studied preparations: their length was almost 1.5 times greater compared to the control variant. It was established that the pathogenic mycobiota of the seeds spring barley differed significantly under the influence of the biological preparations and biological features of plant varieties. The use of biological preparation the Vimpel 2 and the preparations mixture of Vimpel 2 + Oracle multicomplex significantly increases the resistance of plants spring barley to diseases and stressful situations, which, in turn, will contribute to an increase in the yield of the studied crop and the quality of its seed products. The analyzed indicators of the sowing quality of spring barley seeds make it possible to ensure sowing with high-quality seed material in order to avoid biological contamination of agrocenoses.
The results of the analysis of scientific literature sources regarding the role of root exometabolites in the interaction between cultivated plants and soil microorganisms are presented. It has been proven that root exometabolites are recognized by rhizospheric microorganisms, which, in turn, produce signaling molecules and initiate various plant reactions in response to colonization. The main functions of root exometabolites are considered and their specific features are given depending on the type of plants and the stage of their development. The results of research on the positive influence of the rhizosphere microbiome on the growth and development of plants, which is due to the secretion of plant growth hormones by growth-stimulating bacteria, solubilization of nutrients, antagonism to pathogens and induction of the plant immune system, are presented. The components of protective metabolic systems of plants against soil phytopathogenic microorganisms that provide biomolecules of phenolic compounds are described. Mechanisms of regulation of interaction both at the level of molecular and ultrastructural changes of the cell, and at the level of biochemical and physiological processes are highlighted. The participation of transporter proteins in the synthesis and exudation of protective phytochemicals, which can be modified by the soil microbiome, is shown. Plant signaling molecules induce hyphal branching of micromycetes and trigger morphogenesis of fungal hyphae, which precedes successful colonization. The peculiarities of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, the induced root exudates of which contribute to both the development of microbial associations in the rhizosphere and plant growth, are considered. The interaction of plants with soil microorganisms plays an important role in the resistance of plants to heavy metals, for example by reducing their bioavailability in the soil using various mechanisms. The study of root exometabolites of plants will allow a better understanding of the interaction of plants and microorganisms, which determines their role as an ecological factor in microbial-plant associations.
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