We report on a Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) system with a very high temporal resolution, using femtosecond and picosecond pulse laser excitation of pure aluminum (Al). By using a 140 fs Ti:Sapphire laser in an ultrafast optical Kerr gate (OKG), we demonstrate LIBS sampling with a sub-ps time resolution (0.8 ± 0.08 ps) in a 14 ns window. The width of the gating window in this system was as narrow as 0.8 ps, owing to the inclusion of a carbon disulfide (CS(2)) cell, which has a fast response and a large nonlinear coefficient. Furthermore, when using a 100 ps pulsed Nd:YAG laser and a fast photomultiplier tube (PMT) we demonstrate a LIBS system with a nanosecond time resolution (2.20 ± 0.08 ns) in a microsecond window. With this sort of temporal resolution, a non-continuous decay in the Al signal could be observed. After 50 ns decay of the first peak, the second peak at 230 ns is started to perform. Experimental results with such short temporal windows in LIBS, in both nanosecond and microsecond ranges, are important for fast temporal evolution measurements and observations of early continuum emission in materials.
In this study, we propose a biochemical sensor that features a photonic cavity integrated with graphene. The tunable hybrid plasmonic-photonic sensor can detect the molecular fingerprints of biochemicals with a small sample volume. The stacking sequence of the device is “ITO grating/graphene/TiO2/Au/Si substrate”, which composes a photonic band gap structure. A defect is created within the ITO gratings to form a resonant cavity. The plasmonic-photonic energy can be confined in the cavity to enhance the interaction between light and the analyte deposited in the cavity. The finite element simulation results indicated that the current sensor exhibits very high values in resonance shift and sensitivity. Moreover, the resonance spectrum with a broad resonance linewidth can identify the molecular vibration bands, which was exemplified by the fingerprint detections of protein and the chemical compound CBP. The sensor possesses an electrical tunability by including a graphene layer, which allowed us to tune the effective refractive index of the cavity to increase the sensor’s sensing performance. In addition, our device admits a phononic bandgap as well, which was exploited to sense the mechanical properties of two particular dried proteins based on the simplified elastic material model instead of using the more realistic viscoelastic model. The dual examinations of the optical and mechanical properties of analytes from a phoxonic sensor can improve the selectivity in analyte detections.
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