Abstract. In previously conducted experiments it was found that the improvement of mineral nutrition of plants contributes to the increase of net productivity of photosynthesis. However, the methods used to determine this indicator are not based on direct determination of the values of photosynthetic indicators, but on calculations based on taking into account the area of plant leaves and the formation of dry matter. The aim of the work was to directly determine the effect of fertilizer application on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic activity of plants. Research methodology. To directly assess the effect of mineral fertilizers on the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus, the RAM-250 fluorometer was used. Observations were made on corn leaves. The fluorescence was measured six times over. Results. It was found that the application of mineral fertilizers slightly changed the intensity of photosynthesis in terms of Fv/Fm. So the average value of Fv/Fm increased from 0.763 for the background without fertilizers to 0.775 Rel. units for the fertilized background. Dispersion analysis showed that these changes are insignificant. But, at the same time, when applying mineral fertilizers, the yield of green corn mass increased from 20.5 t/ha to 24.0 t/ha, i. e. by 17 %, and the collection of dry matter from 5.5 t/ha to 6.7 t/ha, or by 22 %. At the same time, a corresponding 25 % increase in the size of the root system of maize plants was observed. Thus, it was found that the introduction of mineral fertilizers increasing the yield of cultivated plants is not necessarily accompanied by an increase in the activity of their photosynthetic apparatus. This is the novelty of the research. The explanation of the mechanism of increasing the productivity of maize plants when applying mineral fertilizers is given.
Abstract. A whole complex of factors affects food intake. The aim of the research was to study the process of forming food preferences among the urban population. Research method is an individual questionnaire. The survey was conducted among residents of Yekaterinburg. As a result of research, it was found that age and educational level significantly affect the formation of food preferences. More than 65% of respondents aged 36 to 55 noted the importance of consuming quality food. Consumers of other age categories were less likely to pay attention to the importance of this issue. To clarify the relationship of different age groups to individual characteristics of food products, additional studies were conducted. Significant age-related changes were identified in relation to products containing various additives. Thus, the preference of respondents to food without additives increases from 32% at a young age to 62% at a senior. The results of the studies it was found that, like age, the level of education of consumers has a great influence on food preferences. Consumers with higher education, significantly reduced interest in foods containing food additives, and, conversely, increases in those products in which they are absent. The overwhelming majority (92%) of respondents with a higher education and 10% with a secondary specialized think that food products containing nutritional supplements adversely affect human health. The scientific novelty of the research is that it has been established how the age and level of education of consumers influence the formation of their food preferences
Abstract. The development of science occurs not only as a result of the accumulation of information about the elementary, specific characteristics of individual phenomena or objects of the world around us, but also as a result of the comprehensive use of the acquired knowledge necessary to understand more complex processes. The purpose was to summarize the results of studies obtained in the study of photosynthesis, soil formation, nitrogen fixation and the formation of new ideas to explain the processes occurring in ecosystems of different levels. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that, based on the analysis of the results of their own research and the work of other authors, it is concluded that photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and soil formation should be considered within a single system. Results. A block diagram of this system was proposed. The interaction of its individual components was described, which is based on the formation of metabolic flows of organic substances involved in photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and soil formation. The proposed scheme of interaction of the processes under consideration within a single system will allow, according to the author, to objectively assess and predict the state of individual agroecosystems, biogeocenoses and the biosphere as a whole. The practical significance of the work is that the proposed description of the interaction of photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and soil formation can be used to justify a new approach to increasing soil fertility based on the activation of excretory functions of plant root systems. The proposed scheme of interaction of the studied processes can be used in the development of mathematical models of behavior of agroecosystems and biogeocenoses of various levels, as well as in the creation of autonomous human habitats. The main research methods are experimental, historical and system analyses, comparisons, simulations, generalizations.
Abstract. The paper analyzes the role of grain production in providing the planet's population with food. This issue is considered in the aspect of the first report to the Club of Rome “Limits to Growth”. It was made 50 years ago, which was the reason for evaluating the forecasts made and analyzing the state of the level of food security. The purpose of the research is to assess the level of food security of the world's population and analyze the role of individual countries in solving this problem. The scientific novelty consisted in a comprehensive study of relevant statistical materials reflecting the potential of Russia in increasing world grain production and solving the world food problem. To do this, an analysis was made of the growth of the population on the planet and the rate of increase in grain production in the period from 2011 to 2020, the yield of grain crops and the possibility of its increase in different countries, including Russia. It was determined that over the years the world grain harvest has increased at a faster rate than the population. These indicators amounted to 10.8 and 18.1 %, respectively. At the same time, the growth in wheat production, which is the basis for food production, amounted to only 8.9 %. The article assesses the role of individual countries, including Russia, in solving the world food problem. Methods. The study was conducted using systemic, statistical and historical analyzes, as well as methods of comparison and generalization. Results. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the potential of a number of countries to increase grain production has been exhausted. This is manifested in the absence of positive dynamics in the productivity of agricultural crops. At the same time, in Russia during the period under review, grain yields increased by 26 %. An analysis was made of the possibility of increasing grain production in Russia through more efficient use of land resources. He showed that Russia in this direction has significant advantages compared to other countries. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the analysis made can be used in determining the directions for the development of the agricultural sector, assessing Russia in solving the world food problem, compiling and evaluating models of global development, as well as in educational activities.
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