Evaluation of a gelatin-based adhesive for historic paintings that incorporates citronella oil as an eco-friendly biocide The presented study focuses on evaluating the efficiency of a gelatin-based product that incorporates a plasticizer (glycerol) and a biocide (citronella oil), proposed as an eco-friendly adhesive for polychrome decoration applied in different parts of the architectural complex of the Longshan Temple in Lukang (18th century, Taiwan). Seven laboratory physico-chemical tests were performed: a) viscosity measurement; b) drying curves; c) moisture content determination; d) water vapor permeability test; e) mechanical test; f) adhesion test; g) susceptibility to fungi colonization test, which provide information on the workability, water content and water barrier properties, as well as mechanical, adhesion, and the biocide properties of the proposed product. The obtained results indicate that the workability, mechanical and adhesive properties of the new adhesive are adequate. Permeability in polychromies is slightly reduced due to the additional barrier effect of the adhesive incorporated into the paint film. The efficiency of citronella oil for preventing the growth of fungus Aspergillus niger on paintings consolidated with the adhesive was also probed. In parallel to these laboratory trials, the micro-invasive tests carried out, using nanoindentation combined with atomic force microscopy (NI-AFM), provided direct evidence for the improvement in the mechanical properties induced by applying the new adhesive to the original polychromies.
Summary
A plant‐associated phototrophic bacterium, R. palustris strain PS3, was inoculated into a soil‐based MFC to generate electricity. We evaluated the performance of this soil‐based microbial fuel cell (MFC) and elucidated the essential factors that contributed to power generation. PS3 showed the potential to enhance power generation, especially when the apparatus was operated in a sealed chamber with illumination. We deduced that the improved power performance was due to the enhanced electron transport through the living electrode that was grown as a PS3 biofilm via photoheterotrophic metabolism. In addition, we suggested that the interplay between phototrophic fixation of ambient CO2 and anaerobic oxidation of ferrous iron in soil was also involved in the increased power output. We implemented CMOS (complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor) technology with the soil‐based MFC to harvest energy in a more efficient and stable manner. The above system is expected to provide a potentially low‐cost and low‐energy system with a high power conversion efficiency for practical applications in the future.
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