Three phenylpropanoid glucosides (1 – 3) and one iridoid glucoside (11), together with eleven known glucosides, were isolated from the ethanol extract of the whole plant of Hemiphragma heterophyllum. Their structures were elucidated by means of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, and chemical methods. All compounds except 11 and 13 – 15 showed varying degrees of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Compounds 5, 9, and 12 were marginally active in the bioassay, while compounds 1 – 4, 6 – 8, and 10 exhibited appreciable inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 33.6 ~ 83.1 µM, which was much lower than that of the positive control acarbose (IC50 = 310.8 µM).
A pilot study on the ethanol extracts of Agrimonia pilosa found to have anti-α-glucosidase and anti-inflammatory activities. Subsequent chemical study afforded a new phenylethyl isocoumarin glycoside (1) and eight known compounds (2-9). The structure of 1 was elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations. All compounds showed modest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC 50 values ranging from 36.8 to 210.7 μM), which was lower than that of the positive control acarbose (IC 50 =301.9 μM). Those compounds except inactive compounds 3 and 6 showed weak anti-inflammatory activity.
Total concentrations and different forms of antimony (Sb) in soils of Laokuang District (LKQ-1, LKQ-2, LKQ-3), Beikuang District (BKQ-4, BKQ-5, BKQ-6) and Nankuang District (NKQ-7, NKQ-8, NKQ-9, NKQ-10) of Xikuangshan, Hunan province, China were analyzed. The soil Sb concentrations in the whole-ore heap of LKQ-1 and the mining land of NKQ-7 were up to 4258 and 3174 mg/kg respectively, which were both 2000 times above the background soil Sb level in China. In terms of vertical distribution, the Sb concentrations gradually declined with the rise of soil depth. Tessier's 5-step sequential extraction method showed Sb mainly existed in stable forms (organic-matter-bound form, residual form), and the available form accounted for 18%. The proportions of different forms ranked as residual form >iron/manganese oxides >organic-matter-bound form >carbonate-bound form > water-soluble form. Vegetation affected the form distribution of Sb in a complex way and may increase the bioavailability of Sb, so ecological restoration of Sb can be realized through the absorption by vegetation. Analysis of the geoaccumulation index and the potential ecological risk index showed that Xikuangshan was under extremely severe Sb pollution and very serious potential ecological risk. The Sb mining and smelting activities of humans aggravated local Sb pollution.
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