Viscosity of the CaO-CaF.-
Six years ago, we published an article in journal Ele ktrometallurgiya to analyze the almost three decade lag of the Russian electrometallurgy behind industrially developed countries. A rather short time (concerning the development of the industry) has passed, and we would like to continue the discussion of this problem from standpoints of obvious achievements, prospects, and retained problems in this most dynamically devel oping field of metallurgy at the centenary of Russian electrometallurgy (the first electric arc furnace was erected in the Obukhovo steel works in 1910).In the last two decades, the general situation in Russian steelmaking has changed as follows. In 1990, the steel output was about 90 mln t, converter metal accounted for 30-35%, and electric furnace steel was about 12-15%. In 1995, the steel output decreased to almost 50 mln t. The steelmaking dynamics in the next years is shown in Fig. 1 (borrowed from the Russian Statistical Agency).In that time, the structure of world steelmaking changed toward electrometallurgy for the main units and process flow sheets (Fig. 2).The fraction of converter steelmaking in Russia increased sharply as a result of the first modification wave in the 1990s (which was mainly caused by the implementation of converters in Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK)), and it has remained rather stable over the last decade. The second large scale wave of modification and erection of new facilities in the 2000s was focused on the development of electric furnaces, which began to intensely substitute for open hearth furnaces. As compared to the converter pro cess, the open hearth process can use a higher scrap content and, correspondingly, a lower cast iron con tent in a metal charge. Therefore, the problem of raw materials for electric furnaces substituting for open hearth furnaces is partly solved. Some compact metallurgical works built late at the age of the Soviet Union and after the 1990s were ori ented on local consumers (mainly for the manufacture of constructional iron) and were only equipped with electric furnaces.The further development of metallurgy in Russia and abroad is known to be related to miniworks, although the erection of arc furnace plants in the composition of full cycle integrated works is not excluded. The term miniworks means the manufac ture of metallurgical products at the minimum costs. When comparing the two main processes of steelmak ing, namely, the converter and electric arc furnace processes, we find that the capital expenditure for the first process is much higher (by a factor of 2-2.5), which is caused by its complexity and, correspond On the centenary of Russian electrometallurgyAbstract-The changes in the Russian metallurgy, in particular, electric furnace steelmaking, having occurred in the recent years are analyzed. The main increase in the steelmaking output is due to putting into operation of new electric furnaces in new miniworks and enterprises equipped earlier with open hearth fur naces. Reaching the rated capacity of a furnace in R...
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