The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect mechanisms of Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract (NLE) in experimental alcoholic steatohepatitis animal models. We found that the NLE contained polyphenols (phenolic acids and flavonoids), and more than 70% of the main functional components in NLE could potentially provide benefits for alcoholic liver disease. The parameters of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, antioxidant defense, proinflammatory mediator and lipid synthesis-related proteins demonstrated the inhibitory effect of NLE on alcoholic steatohepatitis. Plasma and hepatic content analysis showed that NLE inhibited lipid accumulation by altering the levels of triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (TC). Treatment with NLE increased the expression of the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio and PPAR-α. Furthermore, fatty acid oxidation and transport via carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) were through the activation of the AMPK and PPAR-α signal. These results revealed that the polyphenol-rich component of NLE prevents alcoholic steatohepatitis by multiple pathways, including reduced lipid synthesis, enhanced fatty acid oxidation and transport responses, inhibited oxidative stress and facilitated anti-inflammation. Suggesting that NLE might be regarded as a beneficial food that has the potential to be developed as a natural agent for preventing alcoholic steatohepatitis.
These results indicate that neonatal but not adolescent toluene exposure produces long-term effects on selective behaviors induced by NMDA antagonists. Theses findings further support the hypothesis that functional changes in NMDA receptors may be related to the neurobehavioral dysfunction associated with fetal solvent syndrome.
Toluene, an industrial organic solvent, is voluntarily inhaled as drug of abuse. Toluene has been shown to inhibit the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nicotinic receptors play an important role in brain development during brain growth spurt and early adolescence. The long-term effects of neonatal and adolescent toluene exposure on behavioral responses to nicotine in early adulthood were compared. Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were treated with toluene (500 mg/kg, ip) or corn oil daily over postnatal day (PN) 4-9 or 25-30. Nicotine-induced hypothermia, antinociception, and seizure activity were examined during PN 56-60. Toluene exposure during the brain growth spurt, but not adolescence, reduced the behavioral responses to nicotine in young adult rats. However, the levels of alpha4, alpha7, and beta2 nicotinic receptors were not altered in the frontal cortex, striatum, thalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellum by neonatal toluene exposure. These results indicate that toluene exposure during the brain growth spurt produces long-term changes in nicotine sensitivity, which may be unrelated to the total expression levels of alpha4, alpha7, and beta2 nicotinic receptors. The alterations in nicotine sensitivity may be related to the neurobehavioral disturbance associated with fetal solvent syndrome.
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