Schizophrenia was associated with a greater variety of autoimmune diseases than was anticipated. Further investigation is needed to gain a better understanding of the aetiology of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases.

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There was a small increase in VTE risk with antidepressant use. The prescription of antidepressant drugs should be cautious, and especially, should be based on clinical evaluations of benefits and risks. The underlying mechanisms of the interaction between antidepressants and VTE warrant further investigation.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is highly heritable and well known for its recurrent manic and depressive episodes. The present study focused on manic episode in BD patients and aimed to investigate state-specific transcriptome alterations between acute episode and remission, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and micro-RNAs (miRNAs), using microarray and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) platforms. BD patients were enrolled with clinical information, and peripheral blood samples collected at both acute and remission status spanning for at least 2 months were confirmed by follow-ups. Symptom severity was assessed by Young Mania Rating Scale. We enrolled six BD patients as the discovery samples and used the Affymetrix Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 to capture transcriptome data at the two time points. For replication, expression data from Gene Expression Omnibus that consisted of 11 BD patients were downloaded, and we performed a mega-analysis for microarray data of 17 patients. Moreover, we conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) in additional samples of 7 BD patients. To identify intraindividual differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we analyzed data using a linear model controlling for symptom severity. We found that noncoding genes were of majority among the top DEGs in microarray data. The expression fold change of coding genes among DEGs showed moderate to high correlations (∼0.5) across platforms. A number of lncRNAs and two miRNAs ( MIR181B1 and MIR103A1 ) exhibited high levels of gene expression in the manic state. For coding genes, we reported that the taste function-related genes, including TAS2R5 and TAS2R3 , may be mania state-specific markers. Additionally, four genes showed a nominal p -value of less than 0.05 in all our microarray data, mega-analysis, and RNA-Seq analysis. They were upregulated in the manic state and consisted of MS4A14 , PYHIN1 , UTRN , and DMXL2 , and their gene expression patterns were further validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qRT-PCR). We also performed weight gene coexpression network analysis to identify gene modules for manic episode. Genes in the mania-related modules were different from the susceptible loci of BD obtained from genome-wide association studies, and biological pathways in relation to these modules were mainly related to immune function, especially cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction. Results of the present study elucidated potential molecular targets and genomic networks that are involved in manic episode. Future studies are needed to further validate these biomarkers for their roles in the etiology of bipolar illness.

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Abstract. In recent years, drug abuse shows an obvious tendency of diversification and becoming younger, and teenagers' drug abuse has become one of the serious public health problems in the world. In this paper, the situation and influencing factors of teenagers' drug abuse were summarized according to the existing research. It is of significant importance to the teenagers' drug abuse prevention and correction, and also to provide evidence for preventive policy.In recent years, diversity of drug abuse tends to be more diverse and younger, and drug abuse among young people has become one of the serious public health problems in the world. It is due to the fact that teenagers' physiology and psychology are on the developing stage and they are affected easily by various factors, adolescence is a crucial period for a person's growth. Teenagers' drug abuse will cause serious bodily damage, psychological problems such as depression and suicide, or even produce all kinds of criminal acts, and lead to huge social problems. Therefore, understanding the status quo and influencing factors of drug abuse among adolescents could provide scientific basis for government making the relative policy. The Status Quo of Drug Abuse among TeenagersDrug abuse shows a low aging tendency in recent years, and drug abuse among adolescents has become a global problem. The data of drug abuse collected by Chinese National adverse drug reaction monitoring center in 2014 concluded that new drug abusers aged under 20 years old was 10.6% and the statistics of new drug abusers at the age of 21~30 years old was 49.4%, which indicated that drug abuse present an apparent trend of becoming younger in average age and drug abusers are primarily unemployed, less educated and unmarried males [1]. The result of recently foreign research also shows that drug abusers mostly are adolescent [2].Researches [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] show that the utilization rate of drug abuse among adolescents besides smoking and drinking alcohol was 1.85% to 40.9%. Students who used Opioid medicines and Depressant and Stimulants Drugs for non-medicinal purposes among students aged from 12 to 19 in Kwangtung province were 7.5% and 4.8% respectively [7].In certain southwestern province in China, 13.5% of students had the behavior of taking drugs, 40.9% of reform school students and 2.5% of students in ordinary middle school took drugs [8]. The data collected by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2014 showed that 23.4% of students in grades 9~12 took illegal drugs [6]. The data of National survey on drug use and health in the United States (NSDUH) displayed that 15.1% of teenagers aged from 12 to 17 had the behavior of opioid drug abuse and dependence [11]. The incidence of the behavior of using prescription and non-the-counter drugs is 6.2%~20.0% among foreign adolescents [12][13][14], and the phenomenon of using psychoactive drugs such as "cough medicine" and compound liquorice tablets without medical purposes among adolescents is appearing in Chi...