The effects of working memory (WM) demand and reminders on an event-based prospective memory (PM) task were compared between students with low and high achievement in math. WM load (1- and 2-back tasks) was manipulated as a within-subject factor and reminder (with or without reminder) as a between-subject factor. Results showed that high-achieving students outperformed low-achieving students on all PM and n-back tasks. Use of a reminder improved PM performance and thus reduced prospective interference; the performance of ongoing tasks also improved for all students. Both PM and n-back performances in low WM load were better than in high WM load. High WM load had more influence on low-achieving students than on high-achieving students. Results suggest that low-achieving students in math were weak at PM and influenced more by high WM load. Thus, it is important to train these students to set up an obvious reminder for their PM and improve their WM.

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Event-related potentials (ERPs) technique was used to examine brain activity related to task interference during event-based prospective memory. The behavioral data indicated that there existed task interference. Data from ERPs record on non-prospective memory trials suggested that there were significant differences in the time windows of 200-300, 300-350, and 350-400 ms after the onset of stimulus. The ERP difference wave showed the maximum amplitude over the central site (Fz) with a peak latency of 250 ms (N250). The topographical map in the time window of 200-300 ms indicated that the components reflected activation mainly in the frontal lobe. The results seemed to support preparatory attentional processes and memory processes theory and revealed that frontal lobe was involved in monitoring, which caused task interference effect.

Event-related potential technique was used to examine the effect of characteristics of target cues on brain activity related to task interference during event-based prospective memory (PM). Three conditions were tested. In the control condition participants had no PM task and merely performed a shape decision task. In one PM condition the task of PM was to respond to a salient cue, whereas in the other PM condition the task of PM was to respond to a nonsalient cue. The results seemed to support preparatory attentional and memory processes theory and suggested frontal lobe involvement in monitoring, which caused task interference effects, and those characteristics of cues modulated the amount of task interference and the extent to which the frontal lobe was engaged.

Rac1 mediates vitreous-transformed retinal pigment epithelial cells' plasticity of mesenchymal movement via Rac1 guanosine-5'-triphosphatase-dependent pathways that modulate LIM kinase 1 and cofilin activity. Rac inhibition may be considered a novel treatment for proliferative vitreoretinopathy.