Although Enteroviruses are mainly described as responsible for acute diseases, their role in severe chronic pathology has been also established. Echovirus 6-like sequences have been detected by PCR analysis in central nervous system specimens from patients presenting with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. These findings suggested a persistent infection with viruses that underwent, genetic changes precluding viral particle release. To support this hypothesis, we developed a model system of Echovirus 6 chronic infection in precursors of glial cells. The nucleotide sequences of the 5'non-translated region (5'NTR), 2A and 3C regions of the virus developing persistent genome were analysed during establishment of the chronic phenotype. This study revealed that at day 160 of chronic infection, several mutations were observed: one mutation at nucleotide 108 upstream the domain II of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) structure, one mutation at nucleotide 30 in the cloverleaf, and two mutations in the 2A region (translated in His48 to Tyr, and Ile 123 to Met). No mutations were detected in the 3C region. The impact of these mutations on viral replication have been analysed in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL) translation assay supplemented with HeLa cell lysate, and by plaque assay. Viruses with these mutations displayed a phenotype with a significant reduction of replication, while in vitro translation was not affected by the nucleotide 108 mutation. This model allowed the description of molecular changes observed in the genome of Echovirus 6 during the establishment of a chronic infection phenotype, and may be helpful for the understanding of the mechanisms leading Enteroviruses to develop chronic infections in man.
Background: Hypercholesterolaemia is a silent disease that is considered to be one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease, often beginning in childhood, and early diagnosis and management may reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis and early cardiovascular disease in early adulthood. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of universal screening for dyslipidemia in children aged 9–11 years. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2021 to June 2022. A total of 532 children (279 girls and 253 boys) aged 9–11 years were enroled, and non-fasting blood samples were obtained to measure total cholesterol (TC) levels in the blood. Results: The mean serum TC was 136.4±28.1 mg/dl. Thirty-two children (6%) of the screened participants had abnormal TC levels; those were tested subsequently by fasting serum TC, and 19 children were confirmed as dyslipidemic (3.5%). The prevalence of borderline blood cholesterol levels (TC between 170 and 199 mg/dl) was 2.6% CI 95% (2.2–3.2), and the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia (TC ≥200 mg/dl) was 0.9% CI 95% (0.5–1.4). A positive correlation was found between body mass index and blood cholesterol level. (r = 0.55, P =0.002). Conclusions: Universal non-fasting TC screening in children aged 9–11 years old is effective in detecting hypercholesterolaemia. Since the authors found that the positive family history as the sole basis for selective examination in children is insufficient.
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