The pharmacokinetics of tiamulin were studied in 2 groups of ducks (n = 6) after its oral administration at 2 different doses (30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively). Plasma concentrations of tiamulin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography at different time points up to 24 h post-administration. The maximum plasma concentrations were 0.77 and 2.32 μg/mL attained at 2 h (Tmax) for 30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively. The elimination half-lives for these 2 doses were 3.54 and 6.34 h, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for tiamulin against Mycoplasma anatis (M. anatis) strain 1340 was determined to be 0.06 μg/mL. The proper oral dose of tiamulin against M. anatis in ducks was calculated to be 35 mg/kg/day using the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling. Tiamulin was administered orally (40 mg/kg/day) to 30 ducks for 3 successive days to determine its residues in edible tissues and its preslaughter withdrawal time. The highest tiamulin residues were detected in the liver, followed by the muscle, whereas lower concentrations were detected in the skin and fat. The estimated withdrawal periods of tiamulin were 6, 5, 3, and 3 days for liver, muscle, skin, and fat, respectively. Therefore, an oral dosage regimen of 35 mg/kg/day should be adequate for tiamulin against M. anatis. We recommend a preslaughter withdrawal period of 6 days when ducks are treated with 40 mg tiamulin/kg/day, orally, for 3 days.

The pharmacokinetics of tylosin were investigated in 3 groups of ducks (n = 6). They received a single dose of tylosin (50 mg/kg) by intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and oral administrations, respectively. Plasma samples were collected at various time points to 24 hr post‐administration to evaluate tylosin concentration over time. Additionally, tylosin residues in tissues and its withdrawal time were assessed using 30 ducks which received tylosin orally (50 mg/kg) once daily for 5 consecutive days. After IV administration, the volume of distribution, elimination half‐life, area under the plasma concentration–time curve, and the total body clearance were 7.07 ± 1.98 L/kg, 2.04 hr, 19.47 µg hr/ml, and 2.82 L hr−1 kg−1, respectively. After IM and oral administrations, the maximum plasma concentrations were 3.70 and 2.75 µg/ml achieved at 1 and 2 hr, and the bioavailability was 93.95% and 75.77%, respectively. The calculated withdrawal periods of tylosin were 13, 8, and 5 days for kidney, liver, and muscle, respectively. For the pharmacodynamic profile, the minimum inhibitory concentration for tylosin against M. anatis strain 1,340 was 1 µg/ml. The calculated optimal oral dose of tylosin against M. anatis in ducks based on the ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling was 61 mg kg−1 day−1.

The aim of this work was planned to study the prevalence of mycoplasma organisms in chickens from different localities of Kaluobia, Monofia and Gharbia governorates. In this study a total of 36 farms were examined for prevalence of mycoplasma organisms, these farms were : 3 layer, 20 broilers, 12 balady and one breeder, these farms were located in El Monofia, El Gharbia and El Kaluobia Governorates through application of two methods for diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum(MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). Flocks were examined for the detection of MG and MS infection by isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In layers 3 flocks were examined for presence of MG, the overall incidence were 14.66% out of the 12% from diseased birds and 2% from apparently healthy one. In broiler from 20 flocks were examined for presence of MG, the overall incidence were 30.38% out of the 33.63% from diseased birds and 12.5 % from apparently healthy. In balady from 12 flocks were examined for presence of MG, the overall incidence were 23.47% out of the 24.54% from diseased birds and 0 % from apparently healthy 4 out of 100 (4%) and 20 out 100 (20 %) for MS and MG respectively in diseased breeder in one flock. Mycoplasma gallisepticum field strain was sequenced and compared with the data base on Genbank. The Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of mgc2 virulent gene. The sequenced MG field strain was used in a laboratory experiment to confirm its pathogenicity through studying the clinical signs, body weight and histopathological lesions and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for antibiotics and found that Tiamulin and Doxycycline gave lower concentration. Therefore, identification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) using PCR is more accurate and faster than ordinary identification.

This research aimed to assess the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) and tissue residues of spiramycin in chickens. The PK of spiramycin were determined in 12 chickens using a parallel study design in which each group of chickens (n = 6) received a single dose of spiramycin at 17 mg/kg intravenously (IV) or orally. Plasma samples were collected at assigned times for up to 48 h to measure spiramycin concentrations. Additionally, a tissue depletion study was performed in 42 chickens receiving spiramycin at 17 mg/kg/day orally for 7 days. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve values were 29.94 ± 4.74 and 23.11 ± 1.83 µg*h/mL after IV and oral administrations, respectively. The oral bioavailability was 77.18%. The computed withdrawal periods of spiramycin were 11, 10, and 7 days for liver, muscle, and skin and fat, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for spiramycin against Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) strain 1853 was 0.0625 µg/mL. Using the PK/PD integration, the appropriate oral dose of spiramycin against M. synoviae was estimated to be 15.6 mg/kg. Thus, we recommend an oral dose of 15.6 mg spiramycin/kg against M. synoviae in chickens and a withdrawal period of 11 days following oral treatment with 17 mg spiramycin/kg/day for 7 days.