No abstract

The physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of seven types of Sudanese honeys derived from flowers of Acacia nilotica, Acacia seyal, Azadirachta indica, Cucurbita maxima, Balanites aegyptiaca, and two Ziziphus spina christi plant species were evaluated. The moisture content was in the range from 16.2 to 21.3, g/100 g honey, ash content from 0.121 to 1.205 g/100 g honey, nitrogen from 0.032 to 0.046 g/100 g honey while the corresponding protein content was 0.200 to 0.286 g/100 g honey. Total phenolic content varied from 4.44 to 201.08 mg/100 g honey as gallic acid equivalent. The values of the antioxidant activities were in a range from 3177 to 6247 µg for the lC 50 . No significant correlation was established between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents.

Oil extracted from the kernel of Sclerocarya birrea with different harvesting dates was studied in terms of the oil content, fatty acids, tocopherols, phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activity. A quantitative increase in the oil content was observed to reach 63.0% at the end of the last harvesting date. The percentage of total fatty acids had altered and palmitic acid content was found to be 16.8% at the first date of harvesting and dropping for the rest of the dates to reach 14.6% by the end of the harvesting process. In the same manner, stearic acid was found to be 15.2% at the first date and this dropped dramatically to reach 8.8% by the end of the harvesting, while oleic and linoleic acids increased from 58.9 and 4.3% to 67.3 and 5.9%, respectively. Alpha and gamma tocopherols decreased rapidly, whereas the d-tocopherol and d-tocotrienol were 4.8 and 4.9 mg/100 g, respectively at the beginning and had disappeared completely by the last harvesting date. Total phenolic and flavonoid content increased continuously through the different harvesting dates. Sclerocarya birrea kernel oil was effective in inhibiting the growth of three out of four bacterial strains tested. This inhibitory effect was less than that of the control.

In this article, the level of contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in groundnut and sunflower oils was determined. The 241 oil samples were collected from Khartoum, Gezira, Kordofan and Algadarif states of Sudan and assessed for AFB1 using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). AFB1 levels in groundnut oil samples ranged from 0.5 to 70 µg/kg and were 0.7 to 35 µg/kg in sunflower oil samples. High contamination was found in unrefined samples. It was concluded that AFB1 levels in oil samples indicated that growing, harvesting, handling and storage of the crops were not done properly.

Keywords:Fermentation Sorghum Abreh Hulu-mur Kisra Composition