Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is an herbal plant with pleiotropic medicinal properties. In this study, we examined the possible protective effect of an ethanolic extract of thyme leaves against the renal oxidative stress induced by sodium nitrite (NaNO 2 ). Male Swiss mice received either saline or thyme extract for 15 days (0.5 g/kg body weight, orally). NaNO 2 (60 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally at Day 14. The protective group received the thyme extract for 15 days and NaNO 2 on Day 14. Blood and kidney samples were taken from all groups to measure serum urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, serum, tissue antioxidant activity, and the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to examine the expression of kidney injury marker-1 (Kim-1), TNFα, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), and hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), all of which are associated with kidney redox and oxidative stress. Pretreatment with thyme extract reduced the effects of NaNO 2 on urea, BUN, and creatinine, and reversed its effect on tissue and serum antioxidants.NaNO 2 -induced nephritis as demonstrated by the upregulation in mRNA expression of Kim-1 and TNFα, which was, however, recovered and protected by pretreatment with thyme extract. Expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 was upregulated by treatment with thyme extract and downregulated by NaNO 2 intoxication. NaNO 2 -induced congestion in glomeruli and dilatation of the renal tubules, conditions that were restored in the group pretreated with thyme extract. NaNO 2 upregulated Bax immunoreactivity and caused apoptosis in renal structures. Thus, thyme extract is effective in managing the renal toxicity associated with oxidative stress and renal redox. Practical applicationsThe results from this study have shown that use of thyme extract may promote better health due to its high antioxidant activity. For instance, it could be ingested to alleviate the symptoms of renal inflammation and oxidative stress associated with nitrite toxicity. Thyme extract regulated renal redox, oxidative stress, antioxidant levels, and inflammation-associated genes at the molecular, biochemical, and cellular immunohistochemical levels.

The study aimed to identify the impact of knowledge sharing on the services (customer service, preventive services) provided by security and safety employees in Saudi Telecom Company, to identify obstacles to knowledge sharing they face, and to identify the impact of knowledge sharing on them according to personal variables. The study used the descriptive-analytical method, and its population consisted of security and safety employees in Saudi Telecom Company, and it was applied to a random sample of (104) employees. The study used the questionnaire as a main tool for the study. The study came out with a number of results: 1) The reality of knowledge sharing with the various departments of Saudi Telecom Company came high. There is a positive impact of sharing knowledge with the safety and security employees of STC on customer service. 2) There is a high positive impact of knowledge sharing with security and safety employees in Saudi Telecom Company on the preventive services provided by them. 3) The degrees of assessment of the respondents about the obstacles to knowledge sharing with the employees of security and safety in Saudi Telecom Company came in a neutral degree, and the highest expressions that expressed obstacles in terms of average, which respondents affirmed the existence of (the belief of some employees in the Saudi Telecom Company that their knowledge is the source of their strength they can from During which to achieve distinction from others, the absence of a culture of knowledge sharing among employees in STC. " 4) There is a positive impact of knowledge sharing on the services provided by the employees of security and safety in STC. 5) There are no statistically significant differences between the responses of the sample members regarding the effect of knowledge sharing on the services provided by the employees of security and safety in Saudi Telecom Company that are attributed to variables (years of experience, educational qualification). In light of the results, the study recommended the following: 1) The need to work on designing knowledge portals to facilitate the task of security employees within the telecommunications company to share knowledge. 2) The need to develop a clear and explicit strategy to enhance knowledge sharing among employees in the company.