The Stevenson screen has previously been used for ground temperature and humidity observations, but due to the computerization and miniaturization of observation equipment, a solar radiation shield has been more commonly employed in recent years. However, there is no detailed domestic standard for Stevenson screens or solar radiation shields in weather stations or weather observatories. Accordingly, this study was conducted to derive the required standard for solar radiation shields by comparing the temperature and humidity observations of a Stevenson screen and a solar radiation shield in Korea. Through these comparisons, the minimal standard requirements for solar radiation shields were determined. First, a solar radiation shield with natural ventilation should have a structure in which the inside (sensor) is not directly transmitted from the outside through a method such as a partition wall inside the plate. Second, in the case of forced ventilation, the structure fixing the ventilation fan must be firmly fixed. Moreover, there should be no interference between the installed sensor and the solar radiation shield. The natural ventilation method and the forced ventilation method showed similar results.
The action mechanisms of adjuvants have not been well understood yet. We hypothesized that an effective adjuvant would overcome a defect in CD4+ T cell help for the induction of immune responses and protection by T cell dependent vaccines. We found that current influenza split vaccine was not able to induce antibodies and protection in a CD4+ T cell deficient condition. In an attempt to develop an effective adjuvant, we developed a recombinant virus-like particle expressing flagellin (FliC-VLP) and investigated its adjuvant effects and mechanisms by comparing alum adjuvant. CD4 knockout (CD4KO) mice that were immunized with influenza split vaccine plus FliC-VLP (or MF59, AS04 human adjuvant) induced IgG isotype-switched antibodies, germinal center formation, and virus-specific memory cells, all of which were not induced in CD4KO mice with split vaccine alone. Levels of antibodies and protective efficacy in CD4KO mice with split vaccine plus FliC-VLP were significantly higher than those in C57BL/6 wild type mice without adjuvant and CD4KO mice adjuvanted by alum. The adjuvanticity of FliC-VLP was partially dependent on TLR5 when tested in TLR5KO mice. Taken together, the results provide evidence that FliC-VLP adjuvant can stimulate the induction of antigen-specific immune responses and improve protection against lethal infection in CD4KO mice immunized with T cell dependent split vaccines, indicating CD4+ T cell independent action mechanisms of adjuvant.
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